IS LEC Q5 practice questions

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Questions and Answers

Which biomarker is associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung?

CYFRA 21-1 (correct)

Chromogranin A

Histaminase

Ferritin

Which of the following is a marker for adrenal or pituitary cancer?

Gastrin

Insulin-like growth factor

Metanephrines

DHEA (correct)

Which biomarker indicates the presence of multiple myeloma?

IgA (correct)

Ferritin

Galactosyltransferase

P 21 protein

What is the specific cancer marker for ovarian cancer?

Galactosyltransferase (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following markers is associated with choriocarcinoma?

HCG (intact mol) (A) Signup and view all the answers

How is the presence of pheochromocytoma indicated?

Metanephrines (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which marker is linked to breast cancer?

P 21 protein (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which biomarker is associated with acute myelocytic leukemia?

Ferritin (C) Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a malignant neoplasm?

Anaplasia and potential for metastases (B) Signup and view all the answers

What causes cancer at the cellular level?

Mutations in proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT typically apply to benign neoplasms?

Potential for metastasis (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an indication of an immune response to a tumor?

Mononuclear response to tumor cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'anaplasia' refer to in tumor biology?

Abnormal tissue structure and loss of differentiation (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neoplasm is likely to cause death due to its invasive nature?

Malignant neoplasm (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a tumor in the context of tumor biology?

An abnormal mass of tissue that grows uncontrollably (D) Signup and view all the answers

What evidence supports the immune response against tumors?

Spontaneous regression of tumors (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of immunosurveillance in the immune system?

Destroying cancer cells before they are clinically evident. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are considered part of the innate immune defenses against tumors?

Natural killer (NK) cells. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes active immunotherapy?

The stimulation of the patient's immune system to respond to tumor antigens. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of passive immunotherapy?

Cytokines like IL-2. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What do monoclonal antibodies specifically target in passive immunotherapy?

Tumor antigens, surface receptors, and angiogenesis factors. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes cytokines in the context of immunotherapy?

They nonspecifically boost the immune response. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunotherapy includes cancer vaccines?

Active immunotherapy. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Coley’s toxins and BCG are examples of what type of immunotherapy?

Active immunotherapy. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What can cause false positives in serum tumor marker detection?

Heterophile antibodies (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunotherapy involves the infusion of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs)?

Adoptive immunotherapy (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of relationship is characterized by both host and microbes benefiting each other?

Mutualistic (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of automated immunoassays for detecting serum tumor markers?

They are sensitive and may produce false positives. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a form of immunotherapy?

Bacterial culture (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a commensalistic relationship between host and microbes?

One organism benefits while the other is not affected. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these bacteria is commonly associated with virulence factors related to gastric ulcers?

Helicobacter pylori (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of relationship involves host and microbes coexisting without long-term benefits or harms?

Commensalistic (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significant titer for the Widal test indicating a strong possibility of typhoid fever?

1:80 (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of antibodies does the Typhidot test detect for recent and remote infections?

IgG and IgM (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary limitation of the Typhidot test?

It provides only qualitative results. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which antigen is associated with active or current infections in the Widal test?

O antigen (C) Signup and view all the answers

What do a positive IgM result from the Typhidot test indicate?

Recent infection (B) Signup and view all the answers

For what type of fever is the combination of O and A or B antigens significant?

Mixed infection (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which antigen is characterized as a somatic antigen in Salmonella paratyphi?

A and B antigens (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the Weil-Felix test specifically diagnose?

Typhus fever (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of bacterium is Helicobacter pylori?

Gram-negative, urease-producing (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT commonly used to diagnose H. pylori infection?

Blood culture (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

It lacks a cell wall (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the gold standard for diagnosing Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF)?

Serologic testing for antibodies to R. rickettsii via indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of infections are mainly caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

Respiratory infections (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication of untreated H. pylori infection?

Gastric carcinoma (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of bacteria are Rickettsia?

Obligate intracellular, gram-negative (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method to detect Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection?

Blood culture using standard media (A) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Immunodeficiency Diseases

Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) are inherited while secondary immunodeficiencies are acquired.
PIDs result from missing or dysfunctional immune system components.
PIDs make individuals more susceptible to infections and cancer.
Several immune system components can be affected by PIDs including humoral immunity, cell-mediated immunity and innate immunity.
Humoral immunodeficiencies are caused by defects in B cells or Th cells.
Cell-mediated immunodeficiencies involve T-cell deficiencies.
Innate immunodeficiencies involve neutrophils or macrophages, or complement.
Nine categories of PIDs: Combined immunodeficiencies, combined immunodeficiencies with associated or syndromic features, predominantly antibody deficiencies, diseases of immune dysregulation, congenital defects of phagocytes, defects in innate immunity, autoinflammatory disorders, complement deficiencies, and phenocopies of primary immunodeficiencies.
Several types and causes of PID are mentioned, including X-linked, autosomal recessive, and autosomal dominant inheritance.
Some disorders, like X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID), are caused by mutations in specific genes, such as the IL2RG gene.
Many types of laboratory tests can be used to diagnose PIDs, including flow cytometry to assess white blood cell (WBC) counts and types.
Laboratory detection of primary immunodeficiencies is done through various tests.

Tumor Immunology

Tumor biology encompasses the properties of a tumor, including malignant properties, uncontrolled cell division, and the ability to resist apoptosis.
Tumor cells often evade normal immune defenses and can form a mass, causing swelling.
Tumor antigens are proteins or enzymes unique to tumors.
Clinically relevant tumor markers are biological substances found in elevated amounts in bodily fluids or tissues for certain cancers.
Laboratory tests for tumors such as immunohistochemistry, immunoassays, molecular methods, and proteomics can detect antigens.
Immunosurveillance refers to the immune system's role in recognizing and destroying tumor cells.
Examples of tumor markers include AFP, CA 125, and CEA.
Several types of immunotherapies, including active, passive, and adoptive, exist for the treatment of cancer.
Active immunotherapy stimulates the patient's immune system.
Passive immunotherapy administers soluble components of the immune system.
Adoptive immunotherapy involves transferring immune cells to patients.

Serologic and Molecular Detection of Certain Bacterial Infections

Host-microbe relationships involve symbiosis, commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism.
Bacterial infectivity is the organism's ability to establish an infection.
Bacterial pathogenicity is the ability of an organism to cause disease.
Bacterial virulence describes the extent of the pathology caused by an organism.
Structures of bacteria include cell wall, cytoplasm membrane, capsule, pili, plasmids, and flagellum.
Virulence factors of bacteria include endotoxins and exotoxins (toxins released from live bacteria).
Immune defenses against bacteria include innate defenses (skin, mucosal surfaces, antimicrobial peptides, complement proteins) and adaptive defenses (antibodies, cell-mediated immunity).
Laboratory detection of bacterial infections includes culture, microscopic examination, detection of bacterial antigens, and molecular detection techniques.
Various clinical manifestations are associated with specific bacterial infections, and laboratory tests are used to detect and diagnose those infections.
Group A streptococcal infections, Helicobacter pylori infections, Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections, rickettsial infections, and certain serologic tests are highlighted, including ASO, anti-DNase, and Widals tests.

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