Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does chronic tolerance to alcohol mean?
What does chronic tolerance to alcohol mean?
Which of the following best describes the concept of 'disconnect' between behavior and blood alcohol concentration (BAC)?
Which of the following best describes the concept of 'disconnect' between behavior and blood alcohol concentration (BAC)?
What is a common psychological impact of chronic alcohol use?
What is a common psychological impact of chronic alcohol use?
How does regular drinking affect the metabolism of alcohol in the body?
How does regular drinking affect the metabolism of alcohol in the body?
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What is a screening tool commonly used to identify potential alcohol addiction?
What is a screening tool commonly used to identify potential alcohol addiction?
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What is one of the psychological effects attributed to alcohol consumption?
What is one of the psychological effects attributed to alcohol consumption?
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Which brain system does alcohol primarily affect by increasing its permeability?
Which brain system does alcohol primarily affect by increasing its permeability?
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Which of the following best describes the process of acute tolerance regarding alcohol?
Which of the following best describes the process of acute tolerance regarding alcohol?
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What is the primary substance that alcohol is metabolized into within the body before further breakdown?
What is the primary substance that alcohol is metabolized into within the body before further breakdown?
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How does alcohol affect dopamine levels in the brain?
How does alcohol affect dopamine levels in the brain?
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Which of the following is a common result of alcohol abuse in terms of health outcomes?
Which of the following is a common result of alcohol abuse in terms of health outcomes?
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Which behavior is commonly associated with alcohol-induced aggression?
Which behavior is commonly associated with alcohol-induced aggression?
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What is a significant difference in the metabolism of alcohol between men and women?
What is a significant difference in the metabolism of alcohol between men and women?
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Which condition is responsible for the highest number of deaths due to alcohol-related complications?
Which condition is responsible for the highest number of deaths due to alcohol-related complications?
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What is a common consequence of prolonged alcohol dependency?
What is a common consequence of prolonged alcohol dependency?
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Which factor contributes to the increased risk of binge drinking among Indigenous Australians compared to non-Indigenous Australians?
Which factor contributes to the increased risk of binge drinking among Indigenous Australians compared to non-Indigenous Australians?
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During what process do the effects of alcohol on behavior change with continued exposure?
During what process do the effects of alcohol on behavior change with continued exposure?
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How does alcohol influence reaction times according to research?
How does alcohol influence reaction times according to research?
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Which of the following is a significant psychological effect of alcohol that can lead to dangerous situations?
Which of the following is a significant psychological effect of alcohol that can lead to dangerous situations?
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What is one of the primary causes of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?
What is one of the primary causes of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?
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Which of the following symptoms is associated with delirium tremens?
Which of the following symptoms is associated with delirium tremens?
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What aspect of Korsakoff’s syndrome involves memory issues?
What aspect of Korsakoff’s syndrome involves memory issues?
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Which neurodegenerative disorder is associated with degeneration of the corpus callosum?
Which neurodegenerative disorder is associated with degeneration of the corpus callosum?
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What is a common characteristic of fetal alcohol syndrome?
What is a common characteristic of fetal alcohol syndrome?
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What effect does alcohol have on the metabolism of thiamine?
What effect does alcohol have on the metabolism of thiamine?
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Which condition is characterized by an inability to learn new information?
Which condition is characterized by an inability to learn new information?
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What is a significant risk factor for developing alcoholism?
What is a significant risk factor for developing alcoholism?
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What is the effect of Naltrexone in the treatment of alcoholism?
What is the effect of Naltrexone in the treatment of alcoholism?
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How does severe alcohol dependence withdrawal manifest?
How does severe alcohol dependence withdrawal manifest?
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What effect does heavy drinking have on the risk of cancer?
What effect does heavy drinking have on the risk of cancer?
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What psychological condition is often comorbid with alcoholism?
What psychological condition is often comorbid with alcoholism?
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What physical condition can chronic alcoholism lead to?
What physical condition can chronic alcoholism lead to?
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Which of the following statements about tolerance to alcohol is true?
Which of the following statements about tolerance to alcohol is true?
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Study Notes
Thirst Based on Logue Ch. 3
- 97% of Earth's water is in the sea, with only 3% being fresh water
- Fresh water resources are accessible, only about 0.7% of all water on Earth
- It takes 3000 liters of water to produce the food a Westerner consumes in a day, with 400 liters per person for household use
- This is not sustainable if everyone consumed at the current rate.
Water
- Fresh water is an increasingly scarce resource
- Water scarcity could become a basis for armed conflict, such as in the Middle East
- Access to fresh water is a problem at the national and local level
- 3.5 billion people have access to piped water, while 1.4 billion do not have any supply,
- Waterborne diseases, caused by contaminated water supplies, led to 0.5 million deaths in 2017
Extremes
- Dehydration is a cause of death, most people between 15-25% bodyweight water deficit
- Severe fatigue may occur at a 5-8% water deficit
- Death typically follows at 10%
So what is Thirst?
- Two kinds of thirst: homeostatic and non-homeostatic drinking
- Homeostatic drinking: the body attempts to maintain a set point, and kicks in to regulate water consumption
- Non-homeostatic drinking: anticipating future water needs
Homeostatic Drinking
- Two main types of homeostatic drinking
- 1 part water for 1 part food in the stomach
- 3 parts water for 1 part food in the intestines
Blood, Plasma and Cells
- Fluid in the body can be categorized into two compartments: inside and outside cells
- Loss of fluid in either compartment can cause thirst
- Example of fluid loss: increased salt in blood plasma draws water out of cells
Non-Homeostatic Drinking
- Time, especially for animals that drink mostly at night
- Anticipatory drinking: drinking while eating, even though not immediately needed from food consumption
Non-Homeostatic Drinking (2)
- Schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) is a particular form of non-homeostatic drinking, in which a rat's behaviour is shaped in such a way that will induce it to drink in excess amounts of water
Explaining Thirst
- Three types of explanation for mechanisms underpinning thirst: central, peripheral, and combined mechanisms
Dry Mouth Theory
- Walter Cannon's dry mouth theory
- Thirst is caused by dryness in the mouth, which then triggers a peripheral response.
- Saliva levels correlate with water deficit
- If water is placed directly into the stomach, animals will still drink a roughly equivalent amount of water.
Evidence for Dry Mouth Theory
- Saliva levels in the mouth correlate to water deficit
- Mouth anesthetization alleviates thirst
- Water placed directly into the stomach doesn't change the amount of water an animal drinks, it simply means the mouth must feel the water to cease thirst
Evidence Against Dry Mouth Theory
- A man attempting suicide by cutting his throat to bypass mouth could still be very thirsty
- Animals and humans can still drink normally even without salivary glands
Central Mechanisms
- Hypothalamus (specifically the median preoptic nucleus) plays a role in detecting water deficit and initiating drinking behavior
- Hypothalamus is sensitive to variations in salt levels and peripheral signals (e.g., vasodilation).
- The hypothalamus controls the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which increases water retention by the kidneys
Hypothalamus detecting water deficit
- Specific cells in the hypothalamus are sensitive to variations in salt levels in blood plasma
- Hypothalamus detects signals from peripheral sensors
- It receives inputs from other sensory receptors outside the blood-brain barrier that monitor bodily systems
The Kidney
- The kidney plays a role in regulating blood pressure and thirst
- Arterial blood pressure falls during water deprivation
- Kidney detects changes, releases renin
Blood pressure and thirst
- Close link between blood pressure and thirst
- Some groups appear more sensitive than others to angiotensin
Summary so far
- Thirst is a complex interplay of peripheral and central mechanisms
- These mechanisms involve departures from set points in related systems to induce thirst and drink
Explaining Non-Homeostatic Drinking
- The capacity to move from one motivation to another is important in the natural environment
- SIP arises from hunger, and the rat might temporarily change activities
Explaining NHD (2)
- Anticipatory drinking occurs when we eat, as chemical changes occur when we see/smell food
- Histamine and insulin release triggers drinking, and is released while eating.
- Learning (e.g., desert nomads) can also influence drinking habits
Alcohol
- Positive impacts: tax revenue, reducing cardiovascular deaths, preventing hospitalizations, and enabling some communal activities.
- Negative impacts: alcohol-related harms including cirrhosis, heart disease, brain damage, road trauma, violent behavior, relationship breakdown, lost productivity, and increased rates of problematic drinking for various populations, particularly Indigenous Australians and women.
Alcohol Consumption
- Over 90% of people aged 14+ in Australia have consumed alcohol
- The consumption rate is relatively high (high)
Alcohol - Impact (2)
- Annual rates of adverse health impacts in Australia (averaging over the decade) include conditions such as cancers, cardiovascular diseases, digestive diseases, injuries, and neuropsychiatric issues.
- Alcohol abuse/misuse costs Australia billions of dollars annually
Effects of Alcohol on the Brain
- Alcohol acts on multiple brain systems(similar to anesthetics)
- Affecting nerve cell membranes, GABA receptors, levels of dopamine in the Nucleus Accumbens, and endogenous opioids
- Affects brain levels differently across sexes (women less efficient at certain processes such as metabolism)
Tolerance
- Behavioral and pharmacological effects of alcohol can change with exposure
- Acute tolerance occurs during a drinking session
- Chronic tolerance develops over time and is linked to regular drinking
Addiction to Alcohol
- Addiction is described a chronic, progressive illness in which a person experiences a preoccupation and loss of control over alcohol consumption
- Risk factors include genetic susceptibility, drinking culture.
Caffeine
- Commonly consumed in a variety of products such as coffee, beverages, or food.
- It is a psychoactive drug that is commonly consumed across the world
Psychological Effects
- Decreases reaction time
- Attentional and vigilance effects
- Increases feelings of alertness and wellbeing in both sleep deprived and non-sleep deprived individuals
Is caffeine addictive?
- There is a diagnosis, but little evidence of chronic tolerance and withdrawal
- Few negative effects, yet widely consumed globally, especially in many beverage and food products.
Are such foods addictive?
- It's debated whether certain foods are addictive, specifically highlighting hyper-processed foods
- The implications of such claims on blame and legal ramifications, especially for food manufacturers
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