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Questions and Answers
What is the Greek meaning of the word ethos?
What is the Greek meaning of the word ethos?
Custom or character
Define ethics in one sentence.
Define ethics in one sentence.
Ethics deals with morality and moral standards.
Moral standards are always related to laws.
Moral standards are always related to laws.
False
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of moral standards?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of moral standards?
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Personal dilemmas are always related to conflicts in relationships.
Personal dilemmas are always related to conflicts in relationships.
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Moral assumptions are explicitly stated in every society.
Moral assumptions are explicitly stated in every society.
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What does the term "amoral" refer to?
What does the term "amoral" refer to?
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Reason in morality refers only to deductive reasoning.
Reason in morality refers only to deductive reasoning.
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What is the principle of impartiality?
What is the principle of impartiality?
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Subjectivism can lead to a situation where there are no objective moral truths.
Subjectivism can lead to a situation where there are no objective moral truths.
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Psychological egoism is a prescriptive theory.
Psychological egoism is a prescriptive theory.
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Ethical egoism is based on the idea that all actions undertaken are self-serving.
Ethical egoism is based on the idea that all actions undertaken are self-serving.
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Culture is a static concept that remains unchanged over time.
Culture is a static concept that remains unchanged over time.
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What is the difference between norms and customs?
What is the difference between norms and customs?
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What is the primary role of culture in moral development?
What is the primary role of culture in moral development?
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Cultural relativism encourages ethnocentrism.
Cultural relativism encourages ethnocentrism.
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Filipino culture is monolithic.
Filipino culture is monolithic.
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What is a significant challenge in understanding and identifying Filipino culture?
What is a significant challenge in understanding and identifying Filipino culture?
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Traditions and festivals play a role in reinforcing cultural identity.
Traditions and festivals play a role in reinforcing cultural identity.
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Respect for elders and close-knit family structures are important aspects of Filipino culture.
Respect for elders and close-knit family structures are important aspects of Filipino culture.
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Cultural reflection encourages individuals to question their assumptions about cultural practices.
Cultural reflection encourages individuals to question their assumptions about cultural practices.
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Moral development is solely determined by an individual's innate moral sense.
Moral development is solely determined by an individual's innate moral sense.
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Post-conventional morality emphasizes the importance of individual rights and social contracts.
Post-conventional morality emphasizes the importance of individual rights and social contracts.
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What is a moral agent?
What is a moral agent?
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Cross points are internal factors that influence an individual's moral judgments.
Cross points are internal factors that influence an individual's moral judgments.
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Feelings are always an obstacle to moral decision-making.
Feelings are always an obstacle to moral decision-making.
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What is the key idea behind the 7-step moral reasoning model?
What is the key idea behind the 7-step moral reasoning model?
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Virtue ethics focuses primarily on the outcomes of actions.
Virtue ethics focuses primarily on the outcomes of actions.
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Aristotle defines virtue as a simple midpoint between two extremes.
Aristotle defines virtue as a simple midpoint between two extremes.
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According to Aristotle, happiness (eudaimonia) is the ultimate telos of a human being.
According to Aristotle, happiness (eudaimonia) is the ultimate telos of a human being.
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What are the two ways by which one can attain intellectual excellence, according to Aristotle?
What are the two ways by which one can attain intellectual excellence, according to Aristotle?
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Aristotle believed that intellectual virtue alone is sufficient for moral virtue.
Aristotle believed that intellectual virtue alone is sufficient for moral virtue.
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The Golden Mean, as defined by Aristotle, suggests that virtuous behavior is always a compromise between two extremes.
The Golden Mean, as defined by Aristotle, suggests that virtuous behavior is always a compromise between two extremes.
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What is the key idea behind the natural law theory?
What is the key idea behind the natural law theory?
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Thomas Aquinas believed that natural law originates from a specific religious authority.
Thomas Aquinas believed that natural law originates from a specific religious authority.
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Cultural relativism is a major criticism of the natural law theory.
Cultural relativism is a major criticism of the natural law theory.
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What is the main point of the divine command theory?
What is the main point of the divine command theory?
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Utilitarianism is a result-oriented ethical theory.
Utilitarianism is a result-oriented ethical theory.
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The principle of utility states that an action is morally right if it produces more unhappiness than happiness.
The principle of utility states that an action is morally right if it produces more unhappiness than happiness.
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What is the main criticism of the principle of the Greatest Number in utilitarianism?
What is the main criticism of the principle of the Greatest Number in utilitarianism?
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Study Notes
Moral and Non-Moral Standards
- Standards of morality deal with rightness/wrongness of actions and the goodness/badness of traits
- Moral standards include judgments about what is right or wrong.
- Moral standards indicate if an act is ethically right or wrong, or if a character is good or bad.
- Non-moral standards do not relate to moral and ethical considerations.
- Examples of non-moral standards include etiquette, laws and status.
Etymology and Meaning of Ethics
- Ethics comes from the Greek word "ethos" meaning custom or character.
- Ethics focuses on morality and moral standards.
How Moral Standards are Formed
- Cultural influences, traditions and values shape what's considered right or wrong in a community.
- Religious beliefs influence moral standards, providing frameworks for ethical behavior.
- Philosophical reasoning such as utilitarianism, deontology, offer systematic approaches to determine moral principles.
- Personal experiences shape an individual's understanding of morality.
- Social interactions challenge or reinforce moral views.
- Legal frameworks like laws reflect society's moral standards.
Dealing with Moral Dilemmas
- Moral dilemmas refer to principles of right conduct.
- A moral dilemma is a situation where a person is forced to choose between conflicting options.
- Examples of moral dilemmas include a student discovering a classmate cheating on an exam.
- Moral dilemmas arise from competing ethical principles.
- Moral dilemmas can be personal, organizational or structural.
Moral Assumptions
- Moral assumptions are beliefs or principles that determine what is right or wrong.
- These assumptions guide ethical decision-making.
Standards of Moral Valuation Based on the Self
- Subjectivism believes the person confronted with a situation determines what is morally good or bad
- Psychological Egoism is the belief that the underlying dynamic behind all human actions is self-interest.
- Ethical Egoism holds that self-interest is the sole overriding source of moral actions.
Cultural Relativism
- It's the theory that one must understand beliefs, values, and practices within a culture, rather than judging them by another's standards.
- Cultural relativism promotes tolerance, understanding, and open-mindedness.
- It reduces ethnocentrism by encouraging respect for diversity.
- But it can also lead to difficulty condemning harmful cultural practices.
Understanding Filipino Culture
- Filipino culture is a blend of indigenous, colonial, and contemporary influences.
- Regional variations in customs, language, and traditions contribute to a complex cultural identity.
- Cultural elements like language, traditions, festivals, food, family values, and religion shape Filipino culture.
Culture and its Role in Moral Behavior
- Culture significantly influences moral beliefs, behaviors, values, norms, customs and traditions.
- Culture significantly guides ethical decision making and social interactions.
- Individualistic and collective values of culture influence moral perspectives.
Moral Development Stages
- Moral development is a process where individuals learn how to judge moral issues.
- There are various theories on moral development.
- Kohlberg's stages of moral development include pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional stages, describing moral reasoning.
Moral Agents and Context
- A moral agent is someone who distinguishes right from wrong and is responsible for their actions.
- Cross points like physical, interpersonal, forces outside an individual's control influence their character, thoughts, and moral judgements.
Feelings and Moral Decision Making
- Feelings and emotions play a significant role in moral decision-making.
- Emotional processes assign value to moral situations, shaping choices between acceptable and unacceptable behaviors.
- Decisions are often guided by feelings, like happiness, sadness.
The 7-Step Moral Reasoning Model
- The 7-step model, outlines steps that can be followed for ethical decision making.
- It focuses on clarification of issues, defining of values, analysis of consequences and conclusions.
Virtue Continuum
- This continuum represents various levels of virtue.
- This framework is used to understand moral decision-making processes in an ethical dilemma.
The Natural Law Theory
- Natural law theory suggests that morality is connected to laws.
- Thomas Aquinas was a key figure in this idea.
Divine Command Theory
- This theory is that morality is determined by God.
Kantian Deontology
- Developed by the philosopher Immanuel Kant.
- This theory focuses on following rules and duties, regardless of consequences.
- Duties are absolute and should always be followed.
Utilitarianism
- Utilitarianism bases morality on the results of decisions or actions.
Virtue Ethics
- Virtue ethics focuses on character and virtue.
- Virtues are traits that are beneficial to a good life.
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