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Questions and Answers
Which ethical theory focuses on the consequences of actions to determine moral value?
Which ethical theory focuses on the consequences of actions to determine moral value?
What is the primary concern of Rossian ethical theory?
What is the primary concern of Rossian ethical theory?
Which of the following concepts is associated with the belief that well-being is derived from pleasure?
Which of the following concepts is associated with the belief that well-being is derived from pleasure?
What type of ethics is characterized by the claim that moral judgments are expressions of emotional responses?
What type of ethics is characterized by the claim that moral judgments are expressions of emotional responses?
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Divine Command Theory suggests that morality is fundamentally based on what source?
Divine Command Theory suggests that morality is fundamentally based on what source?
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Which ethical framework advocates that moral truths are objective and independent of individual beliefs?
Which ethical framework advocates that moral truths are objective and independent of individual beliefs?
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In the context of well-being, desire satisfactionism is most closely related to which notion?
In the context of well-being, desire satisfactionism is most closely related to which notion?
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Which ethical approach could be characterized as prioritizing virtues such as honesty, courage, and compassion?
Which ethical approach could be characterized as prioritizing virtues such as honesty, courage, and compassion?
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What is a key characteristic that distinguishes Kantian ethics from utilitarianism?
What is a key characteristic that distinguishes Kantian ethics from utilitarianism?
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In Rossian ethical theory, what is the fundamental principle regarding prima facie duties?
In Rossian ethical theory, what is the fundamental principle regarding prima facie duties?
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Which of the following best describes the approach of perfectionism in ethics?
Which of the following best describes the approach of perfectionism in ethics?
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What does cultural relativism assert about moral values and practices?
What does cultural relativism assert about moral values and practices?
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Which ethical theory suggests that moral statements are not factually true or false?
Which ethical theory suggests that moral statements are not factually true or false?
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In the context of well-being, how does desire satisfactionism differ from hedonism?
In the context of well-being, how does desire satisfactionism differ from hedonism?
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Which of the following theories considers moral judgments as emotionally driven expressions?
Which of the following theories considers moral judgments as emotionally driven expressions?
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What is a fundamental belief of objectivism in ethics?
What is a fundamental belief of objectivism in ethics?
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What central idea connects hedonism and utilitarianism?
What central idea connects hedonism and utilitarianism?
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What differentiates divine command theory from other ethical frameworks?
What differentiates divine command theory from other ethical frameworks?
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Study Notes
Normative Ethics (50%)
- Kantian Ethics emphasizes universal moral principles applicable to all.
- An action's morality depends on its maxim (intention/reason), not results.
- Respect for individuals (autonomy and dignity) is key.
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Categorical Imperatives are unconditional moral obligations.
- Act as you wish all others would act.
- Treat everyone as an end, not a mere means.
- Principle of Universalizability: An action is moral if universally applicable without contradiction.
- Maxim: Statement of action and reason.
- Principle of Humanity: Treat others as ends in themselves; never mere means. "End" means respect; "mere means" means exploitation.
- Duty: Actions should be motivated by duty
- Principles of Universalizability and Humanity: Two tests to evaluate a maxim.
- Utilitarianism evaluates actions based on their consequences.
- Actions are right if they promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.
- Act Utilitarianism judges individual actions based on their consequences.
- Rule Utilitarianism judges actions based on rules that generally maximize happiness.
- Impartiality: Utilitarianism requires equal consideration of everyone's happiness.
- High standards: Utilitarianism demands acting as a moral saint.
- Lack of boundaries: Utilitarianism doesn't limit the extent of required actions for maximizing happiness.
- Ignoring justice and rights: Actions can violate individual rights if they maximize overall happiness.
- Impracticality of calculating happiness: It's often impossible to predict all consequences.
Metaethics (25%)
- Subjectivism: Morality is based on individual feelings/attitudes, not objective facts.
- Moral disagreements are meaningless due to subjective nature.
- No basis for moral progress.
- Cultural Relativism: Morality varies between cultures.
- What is considered right/wrong is culturally-defined; no objective standards. Contradictions exist within cultures.
- Emotive Theory: Moral statements express emotions, not objective facts.
- Moral disagreements are rooted in different emotional responses.
- No objective basis for moral debate; moral disagreements are meaningless.
- Error Theory: Moral statements are false because objective moral truths do not exist.
- All moral claims are false.
- Moral nihilism.
- Objectivism: Morality is objective and independent of individuals.
- Moral truths exist independent of culture and feelings.
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