Intro to Ethics 115-05
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Questions and Answers

Which ethical theory focuses on the consequences of actions to determine moral value?

  • Virtue Ethics
  • Divine Command Theory
  • Kantian Ethics
  • Utilitarianism (correct)

What is the primary concern of Rossian ethical theory?

  • Upholding absolute moral duties
  • Following divine rules
  • Partiality in moral considerations (correct)
  • Maximizing happiness for the greatest number

Which of the following concepts is associated with the belief that well-being is derived from pleasure?

  • Perfectionism
  • Desire Satisfactionism
  • Cultural Relativism
  • Hedonism (correct)

What type of ethics is characterized by the claim that moral judgments are expressions of emotional responses?

<p>Emotive Theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Divine Command Theory suggests that morality is fundamentally based on what source?

<p>Religious Scriptures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical framework advocates that moral truths are objective and independent of individual beliefs?

<p>Objectivism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of well-being, desire satisfactionism is most closely related to which notion?

<p>The fulfillment of individual preferences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical approach could be characterized as prioritizing virtues such as honesty, courage, and compassion?

<p>Virtue Ethics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic that distinguishes Kantian ethics from utilitarianism?

<p>Focus on moral duties and categorical imperatives (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Rossian ethical theory, what is the fundamental principle regarding prima facie duties?

<p>They can conflict with one another (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the approach of perfectionism in ethics?

<p>Achieving a state of optimal excellence or flourishing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does cultural relativism assert about moral values and practices?

<p>They are determined by societal norms and context (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical theory suggests that moral statements are not factually true or false?

<p>Error theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of well-being, how does desire satisfactionism differ from hedonism?

<p>It prioritizes fulfilling desires regardless of pleasure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following theories considers moral judgments as emotionally driven expressions?

<p>Emotive theory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a fundamental belief of objectivism in ethics?

<p>Moral truths exist independently of beliefs or feelings (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What central idea connects hedonism and utilitarianism?

<p>The focus on pleasure as a measure of well-being (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates divine command theory from other ethical frameworks?

<p>It derives moral authority from religious texts or divine will (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Kantian Ethics

Ethical theory emphasizing moral duties and rules based on reason.

Utilitarianism

Ethical theory that judges actions based on their ability to maximize overall happiness or well-being.

Prima Facie Duties

Moral duties that are presumed to hold true unless conflicting with other moral duties.

Divine Command Theory

Ethical theory stating that morality is determined by God's commands.

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Hedonism (Well-being)

Ethical theory that pleasure is the ultimate good and happiness is the goal.

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Desire Satisfactionism

Ethical theory stating that satisfying desires is the key to well-being.

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Subjectivism (Meta-ethics)

Ethical theory stating that morality is based on individuals' opinions and perspectives.

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Cultural Relativism (Meta-ethics)

Moral judgments are dependent upon or relative to a particular culture or society.

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Categorical Imperative

A universal moral rule that applies to everyone, regardless of their desires or circumstances. It dictates that actions should be based on principles that could be universalized without contradiction.

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Good Will

The motivation to act morally out of a sense of duty, regardless of personal gain or consequences. It's the only thing that is inherently good in Kant's view.

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Hypothetical Imperative

A rule that applies only if you have a specific goal or desire. They are conditional and not universally binding.

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Principle of Utility

The guiding principle of Utilitarianism, which states that the best action is the one that maximizes overall happiness or well-being for the greatest number of people.

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Act Utilitarianism

A version of Utilitarianism that judges the morality of each individual action based on its consequences for overall happiness.

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Rule Utilitarianism

A version of Utilitarianism that judges actions based on their conformity to rules that generally promote happiness. It aims to establish rules that will lead to the greatest overall happiness.

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Eudaimonia (Virtue Ethics)

The state of flourishing or living well, which is achieved through the development and practice of moral virtues.

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Moral Subjectivism

The view that moral judgments are based solely on personal opinions and preferences, and there is no objective truth in morality.

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Cultural Relativism

The view that moral truths are relative to different cultures, meaning there is no universal moral standard. What is considered right or wrong varies across cultures.

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Study Notes

Normative Ethics (50%)

  • Kantian Ethics emphasizes universal moral principles applicable to all.
  • An action's morality depends on its maxim (intention/reason), not results.
  • Respect for individuals (autonomy and dignity) is key.
  • Categorical Imperatives are unconditional moral obligations.
    • Act as you wish all others would act.
    • Treat everyone as an end, not a mere means.
  • Principle of Universalizability: An action is moral if universally applicable without contradiction.
  • Maxim: Statement of action and reason.
  • Principle of Humanity: Treat others as ends in themselves; never mere means. "End" means respect; "mere means" means exploitation.
  • Duty: Actions should be motivated by duty
  • Principles of Universalizability and Humanity: Two tests to evaluate a maxim.
  • Utilitarianism evaluates actions based on their consequences.
  • Actions are right if they promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.
  • Act Utilitarianism judges individual actions based on their consequences.
  • Rule Utilitarianism judges actions based on rules that generally maximize happiness.
  • Impartiality: Utilitarianism requires equal consideration of everyone's happiness.
  • High standards: Utilitarianism demands acting as a moral saint.
  • Lack of boundaries: Utilitarianism doesn't limit the extent of required actions for maximizing happiness.
  • Ignoring justice and rights: Actions can violate individual rights if they maximize overall happiness.
  • Impracticality of calculating happiness: It's often impossible to predict all consequences.

Metaethics (25%)

  • Subjectivism: Morality is based on individual feelings/attitudes, not objective facts.
  • Moral disagreements are meaningless due to subjective nature.
  • No basis for moral progress.
  • Cultural Relativism: Morality varies between cultures.
  • What is considered right/wrong is culturally-defined; no objective standards. Contradictions exist within cultures.
  • Emotive Theory: Moral statements express emotions, not objective facts.
  • Moral disagreements are rooted in different emotional responses.
  • No objective basis for moral debate; moral disagreements are meaningless.
  • Error Theory: Moral statements are false because objective moral truths do not exist.
  • All moral claims are false.
  • Moral nihilism.
  • Objectivism: Morality is objective and independent of individuals.
  • Moral truths exist independent of culture and feelings.

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