Therapeutic Intervention Week 2 - Response to Exercise, Pain, ROM

<p>Tidal volume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhanced self-esteem and confidence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased muscle fiber size (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To increase joint stability and reduce injury risk (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smallest motor units are recruited first (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Substantial changes in spinal cord circuitry (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As muscle size increases, less neural activation is required to lift a given load (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased muscle hypertrophy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transfer of strength gains from one limb to the other, even if only one is trained (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Boys have a higher level of testosterone, which stimulates muscle growth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased aerobic capacity of trained muscles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enlargement of existing muscle fibers (hypertrophy) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>12 in females and 14 in males (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No change (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased recruitment of slow-twitch motor units (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impaired balance and coordination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Developing proper form and technique (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher firing rates lead to increased force production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Selective recruitment of motor units (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A multi-modality approach using various exercises and equipment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alterations in center of mass (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rotation of neural activity among motor units (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased aerobic power (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The strength of boys and girls is essentially equal during pre-adolescence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By increasing the activity of the primary motor cortex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ensuring qualified supervision and proper technique (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improved coordination and motor control (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Resting metabolic rate (A), Bone mineral density (B), Muscle fiber size (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase training frequency to three times per week from the beginning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low to moderate intensity with a focus on proper form (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vertical jump height (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>40-50% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Females tend to have lower absolute upper body strength compared to males (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To reduce the risk of injuries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prioritize maximal strength development over proper technique (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased levels of estrogen and relaxin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Respond to stressors with an initial alarm reaction followed by increased resistance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent overtraining and promote long-term progress (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Testosterone (A), Growth hormone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure the safety and effectiveness of the training program (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased circulating levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased circulating levels of testosterone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stress-induced cortisol secretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women have lower levels of muscle mass (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>40-60% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Strength expressed relative to muscle cross-sectional area (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protein is needed for muscle hypertrophy and repair (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased bone mineral density (C), Decreased muscle mass and strength (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Assistance should only be provided during upward movements against gravity. (C), Assistance should be minimized when moving parallel to the ground, allowing the muscles to work. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Observing and correcting any inappropriate or unsafe movements during the exercise. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A significant drop in systolic blood pressure with an increase in workload. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Manual ROM (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Providing detailed instructions on the number of repetitions and exercise frequency. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uncontrolled cardiac dysrhythmia with hemodynamic compromise. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Providing assistance only when necessary for smooth and controlled motion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A significant drop in systolic blood pressure with an increase in workload. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase in the number of muscle fibers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type 2 fibers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A decrease in mitochondrial density (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Relative to muscle area (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases in pennation angle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stored ATP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Significant increase in glycogen content (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Capillary density decreases during hypertrophy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can be treated with various pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It lasts beyond the normal healing time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nociceptive pain originates from tissue damage. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pain from a stimulus that is normally not painful. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased sensitivity to a stimulus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic pain management requires addressing various aspects of the individual's condition. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic pain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pain experienced outside the area of primary injury. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cutaneous pain is typically easy to locate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alterations in nociceptive processing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neuropathic pain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic widespread pain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Surgical removal of peripheral injuries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pain radiating down the arm during a heart attack (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nociplastic pain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They only produce sensations of pain when stimulated (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nociplastic pain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycogen sparing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased muscle contraction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type 1 fibers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improved oxygen delivery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive behavioral therapy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased myofibril volume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased stored ATP (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bone density has no change or can increase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase in actin and myosin synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased cross-sectional area (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased cross-sectional area of muscle fibers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreases body fat percentage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type 1 fibers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases oxygen storage capacity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improved oxygen extraction by muscles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased fat-free mass (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased number of mitochondria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pain can return after the lesion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Allodynia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has an inhibitory effect on T cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It inhibits pain by closing the gate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pain is influenced by a complex network of genetic and environmental factors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To guide effective treatment initiation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It identifies patients needing intervention and evaluates treatment efficacy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neurosignature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They influence nociceptor and central nociceptive neuron activity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By using TENS to increase large diameter input. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It aids in diagnosing and adjusting therapy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Noxious stimuli leading to pain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Age-appropriate scales for patients. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Self-report measures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Duration of pain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multidimensional assessment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motor activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They often lack specificity and sensitivity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facial expression scales (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Observation and behavioral checklist (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They reflect the patient's personal experience of pain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Visual analogue scale (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can include vocal and postural behaviors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The patient's coping mechanisms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Visual analog scales (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It strongly correlates with peak pain intensity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unidimensional assessment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Body Diagrams (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It includes sensory, affective, and motivational dimensions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>-1 to 35 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The tendency to magnify the threat of pain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Beliefs about how activity affects low back pain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To assess functional impact of pain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>More pain areas correlate with increased disability. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They assess emotional responses and beliefs related to pain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is administered to cognitively intact individuals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The absence of neuropathic pain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Selection of pain descriptors across various subclasses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased risk of developing chronic pain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The degree of pain interference with daily activities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintain joint and connective tissue mobility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perceived self-efficacy to cope with pain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When the patient is conscious and able to contract muscles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscle atrophy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Surgical interventions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Goniometer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Passive range of motion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When prime mover muscles need support to complete the motion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To maintain joint mobility and flexibility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute, inflamed tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases recovery rate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory feedback from contracting muscles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To note any changes in the patient's condition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It does not develop skill or coordination in other movement patterns. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multi-joint structural exercises (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxygen extraction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It decreases heart rate at rest. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Connective tissues must increase their capabilities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ventilation is unaffected or moderately improved. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biological and hormonal differences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stroke volume begins to increase. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory discriminative (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can slightly decrease or remain stable. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxygen uptake increases with intensity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cultural beliefs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase in daily metabolic rate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The maximum volume of oxygen used by tissues during exercise. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Physiological responses to exercise vary with age, affecting performance.

Youth resistance training increases strength, lowers body fat, and enhances psychosocial skills.

Youth have lower absolute oxygen uptake but higher relative oxygen uptake than adults during exercise.

Resistance training can favorably influence growth without affecting maximum height.

Youth display lower cardiac output, stroke volume, and anaerobic capacity compared to adults.

Increase in the number of muscle fibers via splitting due to resistance training.

Type 2 fibers grow larger than Type 1 fibers with resistance training.

Mitochondrial density decreases relative to muscle area during hypertrophy.

The angle of muscle fibers to the tendon affecting force and motion.

Length of muscle fibers that increases in strength-trained athletes.

ATP storage increases with resistance training for energy.

Increased creatine phosphate concentration after resistance training.

Glycogen can increase up to 112% with anaerobic training programs.

Processes affected by exercise related to neuromuscular systems.

Changes in the nervous system that improve muscle performance during training.

Activation of more motor units during muscle contraction.

Motor units firing together to enhance force production.

Motor neurons fire optimally for greater force and endurance.

Neuromuscular junctions transmit signals more effectively.

Decreased contraction of antagonist muscles, reducing resistance.

More effective activation of muscles that produce movement.

Muscles working together more efficiently for movements.

Increased responsiveness of reflex pathways for faster reactions.

Changes in central nervous systems affecting motor activities.

Motor units are recruited based on size and force needed.

Critical for high-force production and muscular power.

Strength gained in one muscle also benefits its opposite muscle.

Physiological changes from aerobic training affecting muscle efficiency.

The stage of maturation based on physical development rather than chronological age.

The age range when physical changes of puberty begin, differing between genders.

Menstruation marks sexual maturity in girls.

The period of maximum growth rate generally occurring at ages 12 for girls and 14 for boys.

Increase in muscle mass due to hormonal changes during puberty.

Growth plate where bone growth occurs; its fusion stops bone growth.

Increased strength from resistance training, influenced by biological age and training quality.

Resistance training can be safe for children with proper supervision and guidelines.

Development of the nervous system affects children's performance in strength and skill activities.

A preparatory set of exercises to enhance performance before resistance training.

Systematic planning of training loads and recovery to optimize training outcomes in youth.

Children's growth plates are susceptible to injury from trauma and overuse.

Encouraging personal success and enjoyment in youth resistance training.

Recommendations for youth include low to moderate intensity and gradual progression.

Children's thermoregulatory systems can limit their ability to perform in hot conditions.

Individuals aged 65+ or 50-64 with significant movement limitations.

Aging varies; individuals of the same age may respond differently to exercise.

Health and function are better activity indicators than actual age.

Increased bone fragility and fall risks due to aging.

Loss of muscle mass and strength associated with aging.

Aging decreases muscle strength, power, endurance, and mass.

Resistance training helps counteract muscle loss in seniors.

Activities should be prescribed based on perceived exertion scales.

Twice a week is recommended for older adults during adaptation.

Older adults should have 48-72 hours of recovery between sessions.

Start with low intensity and gradually build up to higher loads and sets.

Adequate protein intake is vital for muscle growth in older adults.

Introduce fast movements in training to improve power.

Women generally have about 2/3 the strength and power of men, but train similarly.

Exercise impacts hormone levels, enhancing performance and recovery.

Pain that occurs due to tissue damage and has a clear onset and pathology.

Pain originating in the peripheral nervous system from activated pain receptors.

Pain that persists beyond normal healing time and does not serve a biological function.

Pain from a stimulus that does not normally provoke pain.

Increased sensitivity to pain, even from minor stimuli.

Pain that has a lower threshold and can occur from non-painful stimuli.

Pain due to dysfunction of the somatosensory nervous system.

Sharp, easily locatable pain, usually not referred.

Difficult to locate pain originating from deep structures, often referred elsewhere.

Increased sensitivity outside the injury site due to central nervous system changes.

The process where bones strengthen in response to stress and load from exercise.

Exercises that involve multiple muscle groups and joints simultaneously for optimal bone formation.

Forces applied through the spine and hip during exercises to maximize bone strength.

Resistance training that uses high weights to enhance bone mass and strength.

Resistance training can reduce body fat by up to 9% while increasing lean tissue mass.

The amount of blood the heart pumps in a minute, influenced by stroke volume and heart rate.

The volume of blood ejected from the heart per contraction, increases with exercise intensity.

The total amount of oxygen consumed by the body during exercise, correlates with fitness levels.

The rate of breathing can increase with exercise intensity but may decrease during rest after high effort.

Pressure in arteries when the heart is at rest; often decreases with aerobic training.

Nociception is sensory input; pain is a complex experience unique to each individual.

Pain consists of sensory, motivational, cognitive, behavioral, and physiological aspects.

Acute refers to immediate changes after exercise, chronic refers to long-term effects of consistent training.

Pain experiences vary widely due to biological, psychological, and social factors.

Correct usage of words related to pain helps in understanding and communicating about it effectively.

Using less glycogen and more fat for energy during exercise.

The point at which lactate builds up in the bloodstream during exercise.

The number of capillaries in the muscle tissue, which increases with aerobic training.

Muscle fibers with higher aerobic capacity suitable for endurance.

The muscle's ability to use oxygen for energy during exercise.

Fats stored in the body that can be used for energy during prolonged exercise.

Bone density may remain unchanged or increase with regular aerobic exercise.

The proportion of body fat that tends to decrease with aerobic training.

The ability of muscles to continue exerting force without fatigue.

An increase in muscle size due to increased contractile proteins.

The speed at which a muscle can produce force, which tends to increase with training.

The size of muscle fibers that increases with resistance training.

The number of myofibrils in a muscle fiber, which helps increase strength.

The ability to perform high-intensity exercise without relying on oxygen.

Pain perceived outside the area of injury, often following a dermatome.

Increased nociceptor activity leading to pain via central neurons activation.

Activation of sensitized central nervous systems resulting in pain without peripheral signal increase.

Pain due to alterations in the central nervous system, often chronic and widespread.

Categories include nociceptive, nociplastic, and neuropathic, each with different causes and characteristics.

Suggests separate nerve endings for different sensations like pain, cold, and warmth.

Nociplastic pain results from central changes, while nociceptive pain originates from nociceptor activation.

Both types of sensitization can contribute to pain, often affecting treatment outcomes.

The shift from passive assistance to active movement during rehabilitation.

Gravity impacts muscle function and support needed during movement.

Techniques where the patient uses their unaffected limb to move the affected limb.

Indicators that suggest stopping exercise due to health risks.

Weakness on one side of the body requiring adaptation in recovery.

The correct positioning of the body to ensure safe and effective movement.

Monitoring the patient during exercises to ensure safety and correct form.

Indicators showing inadequate blood flow, like pallor or cyanosis.

A theory explaining pain modulation at the spinal cord level.

Specialized nerve endings responsible for detecting harmful stimuli.

A region in the spinal cord where pain signals are modulated.

A neuron that initiates pain responses in the spinal cord.

A theory proposing a network in the brain that processes pain.

A characteristic output from the neuromatrix related to pain perception.

To gather accurate data on a patient's pain experience.

A model considering biological, psychological, and social factors in pain.

Pain experienced in a body part that has been amputated.

A treatment using electrical currents to relieve pain.

The concept that pain assessment is essential during medical evaluations.

How different stimuli can modify pain perception.

Using reliable tools to quantify pain and treatment outcomes.

Harmful stimuli that can cause pain.

Patients may describe pain using terms like 'ache' or 'sharpness'.

Long-term memory of pain intensity is less accurate than current pain assessments.

Pain memory is influenced by pain intensity, emotion, and expectations.

A method measuring only one aspect, typically pain intensity.

A method that measures multiple aspects of pain simultaneously.

Best method for assessing pain where patients report their own pain levels.

Includes structured interviews and self-rating scales to assess pain verbally.

Tools like facial expression scales to assess pain without words.

Pain behaviors can misrepresent pain intensity and indicate distress sources.

Measurements like heart rate or blood pressure that may indicate pain levels.

Lists of pain behaviors that are marked for presence or absence.

A pain scale using a line to indicate pain intensity from no pain to extreme pain.

Pain intensity rated from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain possible).

Tools should have reliability and validity to effectively measure pain outcomes.

Special scales measure pain in children unable to communicate verbally.

A method for patients to verbally rate their pain.

A scale for patients to rate their pain numerically from 0 to 10.

A tool for patients to draw their pain location on a diagram.

A comprehensive tool assessing sensory, affective, and evaluative dimensions of pain.

A tool measuring pain severity and its impact on daily life.

A questionnaire to identify neuropathic pain in low back pain patients.

Assesses beliefs about how physical activity affects pain.

Negative thought patterns related to experiencing pain.

More pain areas correlate with higher functional difficulties.

A way to quantify pain based on descriptors chosen by the patient.

The raw perception of pain's physical characteristics.

Pain's emotional response and feelings associated with it.

How patients assess or judge their pain intensity.

Factors like anxiety and low self-efficacy increase chronic pain risk.

How pain affects various aspects of a person's life.

A questionnaire measuring a patient's confidence in coping with chronic pain.

The full motion possible around a joint, including four key movements.

Movement of a joint initiated by an external force without muscle contraction.

Movement performed by the patient actively contracting muscles across a joint.

Movement where the patient gets assistance to help complete joint motion.

Situations where ROM exercises should not be performed due to patient condition.

Focus on maintaining mobility, minimizing contractures, and enhancing circulation.

Does not prevent muscle atrophy or increase strength.

Methods applied to facilitate safe and effective joint movement.

Guidelines to follow for safely administering range of motion exercises.

Information from muscle contractions important for movement awareness.

Using body mechanics to assist movement while ensuring patient safety.

Essential interactions to prepare a patient for range of motion exercises.

Observing vital signs and tissue responses during ROM activities.