L12 Limbic System

<p>Entorhinal Cortex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It signifies being a 'border' around the diencephalon. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cingulate gyrus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Controlling motor skills (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Defensive and appetitive affects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They form anatomical and logical loops. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can be exaggerated or abbreviated by later evolved brain structures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They appeared in early mammals and independently in other species like birds and dinosaurs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Controlling basic motor skills (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Different affects evolved at different times and for different purposes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Associating stimuli with primary reinforcement value (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Corticomedial Nuclei (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They receive input from brainstem visceral nuclei. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dorsomedial thalamic nucleus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Olfactory input from lateral stria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subjective experience of emotion follows the detection of physiological state. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is primarily a motor system with no sensory processing for emotions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using multidimensional scaling to describe arousal and valiance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They act as broadcast signals in widely distributed neuron networks. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The activity of monoamine neurotransmitters in the central nervous system. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emotions are at least partly acquired through the imitation of others. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through skin conductance and startle response measurements. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They form diffuse modulating systems linked to monoamine neurotransmitters. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parvocellular (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CA1&amp;2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Modified sulcus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anterograde amnesia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hippocampus Proper (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Seahorse (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Support (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hippocampus Proper (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They stimulate behaviors that lead to reinforcement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subcallosal area (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They seek out the stimulation over other rewards. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Septal nuclei (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A network of nuclei that reinforces goal-oriented behaviors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Goal-oriented experiences contribute significantly to emotional responses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lateral hypothalamic nuclei (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Experiments show preference over basic needs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Initiating reflexive motor actions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It identifies high and low intensity forms of basic emotions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gezelligheid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A state of ecstatic dread or panic. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kaukokaipu (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>8 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sense of loss when visitors leave. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facial expressions corresponding to basic emotions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fago (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emotions usually last longer than the stimuli that evoke them. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They initially served individual adaptive functions and later gained social importance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They help organisms to remember and adjust behavior based on experiences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It prioritizes long-term goal setting and motivations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autonomic responses that allow for nuanced metabolic control. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It highlights a direct link between olfactory triggers and emotional memories or conditions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When higher functions falter, behaviors driven by emotions may take precedence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emotions gained social and symbolic functions over time in social animals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypersexuality with no gender preference (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extreme aggression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Herpes simplex encephalitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amygdala (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unusual sexual behaviors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Misrepresentation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperesthesia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fear (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transferring short term memory to long term memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thiamine (Vitamin B1) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Confusion, Opthalmoplegia, Ataxia, Thiamine Deficiency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Retrograde Amnesia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Degeneration of mammillary bodies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mammillary Bodies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Retrograde Amnesia, Anterograde Amnesia, Confabulation, Korsakoff’s (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It impairs the ability to study effectively. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It generates learned emotional responses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ventral Amygdalofugal Pathway (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It projects directly to the cortex without thalamic relay. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hippocampus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Development of Klüver-Bucy syndrome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They initiate visceral responses to regulate emotions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Corticomedial Nuclei (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is anterior to the hippocampus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They display emotional responses like rage and fear to various stimuli. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Limbic system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emotional behaviors based on moment-to-moment stimuli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Limbic lobe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hippocampal formation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has larger and more interconnected neuron populations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consolidating memory and emotional responses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Connects hippocampus to the septal area (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hippocampal formation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They compete for control of lower brain centers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is associated with voluntary motor functions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hippocampal formation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lateral geniculate nucleus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dynamic control of emotional outputs based on various factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They associate stimuli with reinforcement value. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Central nuclei (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are part of the primary olfactory cortex. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Central nuclei (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is composed of 3-6 layers, primarily involved in olfactory functions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Almond, referencing its physical appearance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Globus Pallidus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Only the olfactory structures associated with the limbic system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subiculum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To integrate emotional experiences with cognitive functions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hippocampus Proper (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hippocampus Proper (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Modified sulcus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subiculum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anterograde amnesia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subiculum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It highlights the vulnerability of specific sectors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sea horse (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emotions set goals and determine what is memorable and learnable. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They started with individual adaptive functions before gaining social significance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emotions are usually longer-lasting than the stimuli that elicit them. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The autonomic nervous system and neuroendocrine systems. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emotions can make various types of behaviors more or less likely. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Strong emotions, especially social ones, are linked to specific odors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sympathetic responses use up metabolic reserves, while parasympathetic responses help accumulate them. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emotions enable organisms to alter behavior based on long past experiences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C-shaped structures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulation of mood and higher functions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sub-social parental emotions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Evolved brain structures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher cognitive functions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Defensive and appetitive purposes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cyclic loops of excitation and inhibition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emotions evolved for unique purposes at different times. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Confusion, Ophthalmoplegia, Ataxia, Thiamine Deficiency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consolidating memory and learning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Permanent Korsakoff syndrome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mammillary bodies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Retrograde Amnesia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamin B1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Retrograde Amnesia, Ataxia, Confabulation, Korsakoff’s (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dehydrates the body, reducing thiamine levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The name given to the old olfactory cortex in the brain. This area sits adjacent to the limbic system, which regulates emotions, memory, and behavior.

A ring of brain structures surrounding the diencephalon, primarily involved in emotion, motivation, and memory.

The area of the cortex responsible for our sense of smell.

A region of the limbic system that plays a crucial role in memory formation, particularly spatial memory.

A group of neurons that release monoamines, neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, which are involved in regulating moods, behaviors, and sleep.

Gray matter is made up of neuronal cell bodies and dendrites, while white matter is mainly comprised of myelinated axons.

Structures in the limbic system are often shaped like "C"s and form loops. These loops connect different brain areas involved in mood, memory, and decision-making.

The limbic system regulates mood and facilitates essential functions like memory formation, planning, and decision-making.

The cingulate gyrus, previously referred to as Broca's "callosal gyrus", is a C-shaped structure involved in emotional processing.

Emotions are complex and evolved over time. Basic, survival-based emotions like fear and pleasure were present in early vertebrates.

Emotions like caring for offspring are more recently evolved and appeared independently in mammals and birds.

Cyclic networks of excitation and inhibition within the brain can be modulated by higher brain structures, leading to more complex and adaptable behaviors.

Our current understanding of the limbic system is that it forms a group of forebrain structures that regulate mood and facilitate "higher" functions.

A theory suggesting that emotions are a result of our physiological responses to stimuli, rather than the other way around. When we encounter a situation, our body reacts with physical changes like increased heart rate or muscle tension, and it's our interpretation of these changes that leads to subjective emotional experience.

This theory posits that emotional states are represented as points within a continuous space, rather than discrete categories. This space can be defined by dimensions like arousal (how intense the emotion is) and valence (how pleasant or unpleasant it is).

A three-dimensional model that describes emotions based on three axes: pleasure-displeasure, arousal-calm, and dominance-submission. Each point within the cube represents a unique emotional state.

Groups of neurons in the brainstem that release neurotransmitters with widespread effects throughout the brain. Each system is associated with a specific monoamine neurotransmitter like dopamine, norepinephrine, or serotonin.

The subjective experience of emotion is a result of perceiving our own physiological changes, such as increased heart rate or sweating, rather than the other way around.

Emotions are not entirely hard-wired, and are at least partly acquired through the imitation of others.

The limbic system does not have a dedicated sensory area for emotions. Instead, the subjective experience of emotion arises from interpreting physiological changes in the body.

The process of transplanting a gracilis muscle, typically taken from the thigh, and re-innervating it with the masseteric nerve. This procedure is used to restore facial mobility in individuals suffering from facial paralysis.

Part of the limbic system involved in reward, motivation, and pleasure. It's activated by rewarding experiences and stimuli.

A large bundle of nerve fibers connecting the septal nuclei to other limbic structures, crucial for reward and motivation.

A circuit within the limbic system connecting the septal nuclei, amygdala, and brainstem reticular formation. This circuit plays a prominent role in regulating emotions.

A group of nuclei within the amygdala involved in processing emotional information and linking it with memory.

A part of the brainstem responsible for regulating arousal, sleep, and wakefulness, influencing emotional responses.

A brain structure involved in processing sensory information and linking it to emotional responses.

The hippocampal formation is made up of three primary parts: the dentate gyrus, hippocampus proper, and the subiculum.

The dentate gyrus is a part of the hippocampal formation responsible for creating new neurons and integrating information.

The hippocampus proper is a major part of the hippocampal formation, crucial for forming new memories, especially long-term memories.

The subiculum is a transition zone connecting the hippocampus to other brain areas, involved in memory retrieval and spatial navigation.

The hippocampus is a C-shaped structure in the brain that evolved from the medial pallium.

Sommer's Sector, comprising CA1 and CA2 regions, is particularly prone to damage by reduced blood flow.

If both sides of the hippocampus are damaged, it can lead to anterograde amnesia, the inability to form new memories.

The hippocampus is crucial for forming new memories, particularly about events, experiences, and places, and its damage can result in amnesia.

The amygdala, meaning "almond" in Greek, is a brain structure shaped like an almond. It plays a key role in processing emotions, particularly fear and anxiety. It also helps in associating memories with emotions.

The corticomedial nuclei are part of the primary olfactory cortex. They receive signals from the sense of smell and help process scents. Essentially, they are the brain's "smell center."

The central nuclei of the amygdala receive input from various areas, including the brainstem and basolateral nuclei. They are responsible for sending signals to other parts of the brain, particularly the hypothalamus, triggering physical and emotional responses to fear and stress.

The basolateral nuclei are involved in associating neutral stimuli with emotions. This helps us learn to fear certain things, like the sound of a car horn associated with a near-miss accident.

The stria terminalis is a bundle of nerve fibers that connects the amygdala to other brain regions, like the hypothalamus. It plays a role in transmitting emotional signals, particularly those related to fear and anxiety.

Emotions like guilt and jealousy emerged later in mammals that live in large social groups.

Emotions, unlike reflexes, often last beyond the duration of the stimulus that triggered them.

Emotions don't dictate specific actions, but rather make certain behaviors more or less likely.

Emotions, like reflexes, often take precedence over other behaviors, guiding goals and motivations in animals with long-term planning abilities.

Higher brain functions, like planning and memory, are often directed by goals set by the limbic system, which is associated with emotions.

Emotions, especially intense or social ones, are strongly linked to the sense of smell, which can trigger strong emotional responses.

The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for action, using up metabolic reserves, while the parasympathetic system conserves energy and helps the body recover.

Different emotions are associated with distinct autonomic responses, suggesting that emotions may have evolved to fine-tune our physiological states.

This is the feeling of emptiness when visitors depart, often experienced in Papua New Guinea. It reflects the importance of social connection and the discomfort of separation.

This feeling compels us to care for someone in need, but with a tinge of sadness due to the understanding that we'll eventually lose them. It's a bittersweet emotion common in the Caroline Islands.

This is the feeling of being cozy and comfortable with close friends in a comfortable and warm environment. It's a uniquely Dutch feeling that emphasizes the importance of social warmth and belonging.

This is the feeling of an intense but pleasurable panic, a kind of 'voluptuous panic'. It is often associated with risky or thrilling situations.

A circuit in the brain that plays a critical role in memory formation, particularly transferring short-term memories to long-term storage. It involves the hippocampus, mammillary bodies, and other structures.

A neurological condition caused by thiamine deficiency, often associated with alcoholism. Characterized by confusion, ophthalmoplegia (eye muscle paralysis), and ataxia (loss of coordination).

A severe neurological disorder that develops as a consequence of untreated Wernicke's Encephalopathy, characterized by amnesia, confabulation (making up memories), and ataxia.

Located within the amygdala, they receive input from various brain regions (including the basolateral nuclei) and are responsible for triggering emotional responses to fear and stress.

A part of the amygdala involved in associating neutral stimuli with emotions, helping us learn to fear or dislike specific things.

The amygdala is a small, almond-shaped structure located in the temporal lobe of the brain. It plays a crucial role in processing and experiencing emotions, especially fear and anxiety.

The amygdala receives sensory information from various parts of the brain and helps us associate those sensory experiences with emotions. For example, if you see a snake, the amygdala helps you recognize the danger and experience fear.

The amygdala is interconnected with various brain areas, including the hippocampus (for memory), the hypothalamus (for controlling physiological responses), and the prefrontal cortex (for decision-making). This interconnectedness allows the amygdala to influence a wide range of emotional responses.

Damage to the amygdala can lead to a variety of emotional impairments. Individuals may lose the ability to experience fear or anxiety, have difficulty recognizing emotional expressions in others, and may be prone to making impulsive decisions.

The amygdala uses a variety of neurotransmitters, like dopamine and serotonin, to process and regulate emotions. These neurotransmitters are involved in motivation, reward, and mood, all of which contribute to how we experience and respond to emotions.

The Klüver-Bucy syndrome is a rare neurological disorder caused by bilateral damage to the amygdalae. It results in a variety of behavioral changes, including emotional blunting, hypersexuality, and a tendency to put objects in the mouth.

The amygdala is involved in shaping our understanding of the world by associating memories with emotions. This allows us to learn from our experiences and adapt our behavior accordingly.

The amygdala plays a vital role in survival by triggering the fight-or-flight response, a physiological and behavioral adaptation to danger. This response is crucial for protecting us from threats and ensuring our safety.

The amygdala, a brain structure crucial for processing emotions, particularly fear and anxiety, is often affected in patients with Klüver-Bucy syndrome.

Klüver-Bucy syndrome can result from several factors, including brain trauma, surgery, and infections such as herpes simplex encephalitis.

Klüver-Bucy syndrome is not a common condition, and it is important to distinguish it from related but different neurological conditions.

The portrayal of Klüver-Bucy syndrome in the James Bond movie "The World Is Not Enough" is inaccurate and unrealistic, as it exaggerates the behavioral characteristics of the condition.

The "docile" and "calm" aspect of Klüver-Bucy syndrome arises from the absence of a fear response, which makes individuals less likely to react defensively.

The hypersexuality present in Klüver-Bucy syndrome involves a lack of gender preference, meaning individuals may exhibit sexual interest towards both genders without discrimination.

The heightened sensory awareness in Klüver-Bucy syndrome can lead to individuals being easily distracted and overwhelmed by a variety of sensory stimuli.

The ability of cats with just their hypothalamus and brainstem intact to exhibit exaggerated anger or fear responses to almost any stimulus, lacking the ability to select and prioritize emotional responses based on current goals and past experience.

The part of the brain responsible for basic biological functions like controlling body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep-wake cycles.

The part of the brain that is involved in movement, coordination, and balance. It is connected to the cerebellum and helps control muscle movement and coordination.

The "Limbic Loop" is a set of interconnected structures within the limbic system that play crucial roles in regulating emotions, motivation, and memory.

The Papez circuit is a brain pathway involved in memory formation, particularly transferring memories from short-term to long-term storage. It includes the hippocampus, mammillary bodies, and other structures.

Amimia is a condition involving the inability to perform voluntary movements, typically caused by lesions in specific areas of the limbic system.

Korsakoff's Syndrome is a severe brain disorder that develops from untreated Wernicke's Encephalopathy, characterized by amnesia, confabulation (making up memories), and lack of coordination.

A neurological condition caused by thiamine deficiency, often associated with chronic alcoholism. It results in confusion, eye muscle paralysis (ophthalmoplegia), and loss of coordination (ataxia).

The part of the amygdala that receives input from various regions, including the basolateral nuclei. It plays a key role in triggering emotional responses to fear and stress.

A part of the amygdala involved in associating neutral stimuli with emotions. It helps us learn to fear or dislike specific things.

The medial pallium, a part of the brain involved in memory and sensory integration, evolves into the hippocampus.

Emotions developed later in mammals that live in large groups, suggesting they likely evolved for social interactions.

Emotions are not simply reflexes. Unlike reflexes, they can last longer than the initial stimulus and influence a range of behaviors, not just one.

The limbic system is involved in setting goals, while higher brain functions like planning and memory help us achieve those goals. It's like a team effort.

The sympathetic nervous system uses up energy for action, while the parasympathetic system conserves energy for recovery. Think of it like a gas pedal vs. a brake.

Different emotions are associated with unique physiological changes, suggesting that emotions evolved to fine-tune our bodily responses.

Emotions are not just feelings; they also shape what we remember and learn, allowing us to adapt our behavior based on past experiences.

Cortically derived motivations set goals, while emotions help us orient ourselves towards those goals. The limbic system is involved in the 'caring' aspect of these processes.

The cingulate gyrus, previously known as Broca's "callosal gyrus," is a C-shaped structure involved in processing emotions, particularly fear and anxiety.

The limbic system is a group of forebrain structures that regulate mood and facilitate essential processes like memory formation, planning, and decision-making.

Basic emotions like fear and pleasure appeared in early vertebrates, while more complex emotions like parental care evolved later in mammals and birds.

Cyclic networks of excitation and inhibition in the brain can be regulated by higher brain structures, resulting in more diverse and adaptable behaviors.

The "C" shaped structures in the limbic system, like the cingulate gyrus and hippocampus, form loops that interconnect different brain areas involved in emotions, memory, and decision-making.

Gray matter consists of neuronal cell bodies and dendrites, while white matter primarily contains myelinated axons.

The current concept of the limbic system encompasses a group of forebrain structures that influence mood and facilitate "higher functions" like memory and planning.

The hypothalamus, a key part of the brainstem, is responsible for regulating basic biological functions such as body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep-wake cycles.