Biochem 5: Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis
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Questions and Answers

Which steps of glycolysis is irreversible?

  • Reaction 1, 3 and 10 (correct)
  • Reaction 1, 5 and 7
  • Reaction 2, 6, and 8
  • Reaction 4, 6 and 10

    • Which enzyme is responsible for Reaction 1 of glycolysis?

  • Enolase
  • Aldolase
  • Phosphoglucose isomerase
  • Hexokinase (correct)

    • What is the role of Mg2+ in Reaction 1 of glycolysis?

  • Cofactor for Hexokinase (correct)
  • Cofactor for Aldolase
  • Cofactor for Phosphoglucose isomerase
  • Cofactor for Enolase

    • Why is glucose trapped in the cell after Reaction 1 of glycolysis?

    <p>Due to the irreversible nature of Reaction 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step of glycolysis requires an input of energy through ATP?

    <p>Reaction 1 and 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step of glycolysis produces energy directly?

    <p>Reaction 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy yield from a cycle of glycolysis?

    <p>4 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reaction is the rate-limiting and committing step of glycolysis?

    <p>Reaction 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reaction in glycolysis is the most important regulated reaction?

    <p>Reaction 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ATP molecules are required during the preparatory phase of glycolysis?

    <p>2 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ATP molecules are created during the generating phase of glycolysis?

    <p>2 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many NADH molecules are generated per glucose molecule in glycolysis?

    <p>2 NADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under aerobic conditions, where does pyruvate go next?

    <p>Citric acid cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reactions in glycolysis are irreversible?

    <p>Reactions 1, 3, and 10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom commonly seen in individuals with inherited disorders of gluconeogenesis?

    <p>Poor growth and development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying cause of the main symptoms of inherited disorders of gluconeogenesis?

    <p>Deficiency of gluconeogenic enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a possible treatment for inherited disorders of gluconeogenesis?

    <p>Supplementation with glucogenic amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a precursor for gluconeogenesis?

    <p>Glycerol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which shuttle system is used when the starting substrate for gluconeogenesis is alanine?

    <p>Malate shuttle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following amino acids is considered a glucogenic amino acid?

    <p>Alanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What coenzyme is required for the transamination reaction that converts alanine to pyruvate?

    <p>Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the products of the citric acid cycle?

    <p>ATP, NADH, FADH2, CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the products of the CAC?

    <p>ATP, NADH, FADH2, CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the laws of thermodynamics?

    <p>They apply to both living and non-living systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Gibbs Free Energy measure?

    <p>The amount of usable energy in a system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Gibbs Free Energy relate to spontaneity?

    <p>+G non-spontaneous; -G spontaneous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between Gibbs Free Energy and biology?

    <p>Gibbs Free Energy is used to determine the efficiency of biological processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to pyruvate under aerobic conditions?

    <p>It is converted to acetyl-CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Mg2+ in Reaction 1 of glycolysis?

    <p>It stabilizes the enzyme-substrate complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a statement of the first law of thermodynamics?

    <p>Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only transformed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about exothermic reactions?

    <p>They release heat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the entropy of a system when energy disperses or spreads out?

    <p>It increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct equation for Gibbs Free Energy?

    <p>Delta G = \Delta H - T\Delta S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a negative value of Gibbs Free Energy indicate?

    <p>An exergonic reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is a reaction at equilibrium?

    <p>When there is no net transfer of heat or energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Gibbs free energy change when the reactants are increased compared to the products?

    <p>The Gibbs free energy decreases (ΔG &lt; 0).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Even reactions with a fairly large positive ΔG can develop into exergonic reactions if _____________.

    <p>the reactants are increased compared to the products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is it possible for a reaction with a positive standard Gibbs free energy (ΔGo') to occur in our bodies?

    <p>The reaction is coupled with an exergonic reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of enzymes in coupled reactions?

    <p>Enzymes decrease the activation energy of the coupled reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rationale for why the body phosphorylates ATP as a source of energy currency?

    <p>The high-energy phosphodiester bond of ATP has a negative ΔG when broken.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do enzymes help in coupled reactions?

    <p>Enzymes decrease the activation energy of the coupled reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does this describe:

    amino groups are removed from amino acids and transferred to acceptor keto-acids to generate the amino acid version of the keto-acid and the keto-acid version of the original amino acid.

    <p>Transamination</p> Signup and view all the answers

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