Biochem 5: Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis

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Which steps of glycolysis is irreversible?

Reaction 1, 3 and 10 (correct)

Reaction 1, 5 and 7

Reaction 2, 6, and 8

Reaction 4, 6 and 10

Which enzyme is responsible for Reaction 1 of glycolysis?

Enolase

Aldolase

Phosphoglucose isomerase

Hexokinase (correct)

What is the role of Mg2+ in Reaction 1 of glycolysis?

Cofactor for Hexokinase (correct)

Cofactor for Aldolase

Cofactor for Phosphoglucose isomerase

Cofactor for Enolase

Why is glucose trapped in the cell after Reaction 1 of glycolysis?

Due to the irreversible nature of Reaction 1 Signup and view all the answers

Which step of glycolysis requires an input of energy through ATP?

Reaction 1 and 3 Signup and view all the answers

Which step of glycolysis produces energy directly?

Reaction 3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy yield from a cycle of glycolysis?

4 ATP Signup and view all the answers

Which reaction is the rate-limiting and committing step of glycolysis?

Reaction 3 Signup and view all the answers

Which reaction in glycolysis is the most important regulated reaction?

Reaction 3 Signup and view all the answers

How many ATP molecules are required during the preparatory phase of glycolysis?

2 ATP Signup and view all the answers

How many ATP molecules are created during the generating phase of glycolysis?

2 ATP Signup and view all the answers

How many NADH molecules are generated per glucose molecule in glycolysis?

2 NADH Signup and view all the answers

Under aerobic conditions, where does pyruvate go next?

Citric acid cycle Signup and view all the answers

Which reactions in glycolysis are irreversible?

Reactions 1, 3, and 10 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom commonly seen in individuals with inherited disorders of gluconeogenesis?

Poor growth and development Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying cause of the main symptoms of inherited disorders of gluconeogenesis?

Deficiency of gluconeogenic enzymes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a possible treatment for inherited disorders of gluconeogenesis?

Supplementation with glucogenic amino acids Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a precursor for gluconeogenesis?

Glycerol Signup and view all the answers

Which shuttle system is used when the starting substrate for gluconeogenesis is alanine?

Malate shuttle Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following amino acids is considered a glucogenic amino acid?

Alanine Signup and view all the answers

What coenzyme is required for the transamination reaction that converts alanine to pyruvate?

Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) Signup and view all the answers

What are the products of the citric acid cycle?

ATP, NADH, FADH2, CO2 Signup and view all the answers

What are the products of the CAC?

ATP, NADH, FADH2, CO2 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the laws of thermodynamics?

They apply to both living and non-living systems Signup and view all the answers

What does Gibbs Free Energy measure?

The amount of usable energy in a system Signup and view all the answers

How does Gibbs Free Energy relate to spontaneity?

+G non-spontaneous; -G spontaneous Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between Gibbs Free Energy and biology?

Gibbs Free Energy is used to determine the efficiency of biological processes Signup and view all the answers

What happens to pyruvate under aerobic conditions?

It is converted to acetyl-CoA Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Mg2+ in Reaction 1 of glycolysis?

It stabilizes the enzyme-substrate complex Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a statement of the first law of thermodynamics?

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only transformed. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about exothermic reactions?

They release heat. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the entropy of a system when energy disperses or spreads out?

It increases. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct equation for Gibbs Free Energy?

Delta G = \Delta H - T\Delta S Signup and view all the answers

What does a negative value of Gibbs Free Energy indicate?

An exergonic reaction Signup and view all the answers

When is a reaction at equilibrium?

When there is no net transfer of heat or energy. Signup and view all the answers

How does the Gibbs free energy change when the reactants are increased compared to the products?

The Gibbs free energy decreases (ΔG < 0). Signup and view all the answers

Even reactions with a fairly large positive ΔG can develop into exergonic reactions if _____________.

the reactants are increased compared to the products. Signup and view all the answers

How is it possible for a reaction with a positive standard Gibbs free energy (ΔGo') to occur in our bodies?

The reaction is coupled with an exergonic reaction. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of enzymes in coupled reactions?

Enzymes decrease the activation energy of the coupled reaction. Signup and view all the answers

What is the rationale for why the body phosphorylates ATP as a source of energy currency?

The high-energy phosphodiester bond of ATP has a negative ΔG when broken. Signup and view all the answers

How do enzymes help in coupled reactions?

Enzymes decrease the activation energy of the coupled reaction. Signup and view all the answers

What does this describe:

amino groups are removed from amino acids and transferred to acceptor keto-acids to generate the amino acid version of the keto-acid and the keto-acid version of the original amino acid.

Transamination Signup and view all the answers

Biochem 5: Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis

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Questions and Answers

Which steps of glycolysis is irreversible?

Which enzyme is responsible for Reaction 1 of glycolysis?

What is the role of Mg2+ in Reaction 1 of glycolysis?

Why is glucose trapped in the cell after Reaction 1 of glycolysis?

Which step of glycolysis requires an input of energy through ATP?

Which step of glycolysis produces energy directly?

What is the energy yield from a cycle of glycolysis?

Which reaction is the rate-limiting and committing step of glycolysis?

Which reaction in glycolysis is the most important regulated reaction?

How many ATP molecules are required during the preparatory phase of glycolysis?

How many ATP molecules are created during the generating phase of glycolysis?

How many NADH molecules are generated per glucose molecule in glycolysis?

Under aerobic conditions, where does pyruvate go next?

Which reactions in glycolysis are irreversible?

Which of the following is a symptom commonly seen in individuals with inherited disorders of gluconeogenesis?

What is the underlying cause of the main symptoms of inherited disorders of gluconeogenesis?

Which of the following is a possible treatment for inherited disorders of gluconeogenesis?

Which of the following is a precursor for gluconeogenesis?

Which shuttle system is used when the starting substrate for gluconeogenesis is alanine?

Which of the following amino acids is considered a glucogenic amino acid?

What coenzyme is required for the transamination reaction that converts alanine to pyruvate?

What are the products of the citric acid cycle?

What are the products of the CAC?

Which of the following is true about the laws of thermodynamics?

What does Gibbs Free Energy measure?

How does Gibbs Free Energy relate to spontaneity?

What is the relationship between Gibbs Free Energy and biology?

What happens to pyruvate under aerobic conditions?

What is the role of Mg2+ in Reaction 1 of glycolysis?

Which of the following is a statement of the first law of thermodynamics?

Which of the following is true about exothermic reactions?

What happens to the entropy of a system when energy disperses or spreads out?

Which of the following is the correct equation for Gibbs Free Energy?

What does a negative value of Gibbs Free Energy indicate?

When is a reaction at equilibrium?

How does the Gibbs free energy change when the reactants are increased compared to the products?

Even reactions with a fairly large positive ΔG can develop into exergonic reactions if _____________.

How is it possible for a reaction with a positive standard Gibbs free energy (ΔGo') to occur in our bodies?

What is the role of enzymes in coupled reactions?

What is the rationale for why the body phosphorylates ATP as a source of energy currency?

How do enzymes help in coupled reactions?

What does this describe: amino groups are removed from amino acids and transferred to acceptor keto-acids to generate the amino acid version of the keto-acid and the keto-acid version of the original amino acid.

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What does this describe:

amino groups are removed from amino acids and transferred to acceptor keto-acids to generate the amino acid version of the keto-acid and the keto-acid version of the original amino acid.