Year 10 Sport Science Revision: Anatomical Terms

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Body Systems

Anatomical Terms:
- Flexion: decrease in angle of joint (e.g. bending knee or elbow)
- Extension: increase in angle of joint (e.g. straightening knee or elbow)
- Abduction: movement of body part away from midline of body (e.g. lifting arms out to side)
- Adduction: movement of body part towards midline of body (e.g. arm returning to body or midline)
- Rotation: movement of body part around central axis (e.g. turning head from side to side)
- Circumduction: movement of end of bone in circular motion (e.g. drawing a circle with arms)
- Pronation: rotation of hand so thumb moves towards the body (e.g. palm facing down)
- Supination: rotation of hand so thumb moves away from body (e.g. palm facing up)
- Plantarflexion: increase in angle of joint between foot and lower leg (e.g. pointing toes downwards)
- Dorsiflexion: decrease in angle of joint between foot and lower leg (e.g. raising toes upwards)
- Inversion: movement of sole of foot towards midline (e.g. twisting ankle in)
- Eversion: movement of sole of foot away from midline (e.g. twisting ankle out)
Skeletal System Function:
- Facilitates movement
- Protection and support
- Red blood cell production
- Mineral storage
Axial and Appendicular Systems:
- Axial system: bones found along central axis of body (e.g. skull, vertebral column, rib cage)
- Appendicular system: bones that attach limbs to the core of the body (e.g. clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, pelvis, femur, tibia, fibula, phalanges, tarsals)
Types of Joints:
- Fibrous joints: immovable and offer no movement (e.g. skull, pelvis)
- Cartilaginous joints: slightly movable and allow small movements (e.g. ribs to sternum, pubic bone)
- Synovial joints: freely movable and offer free range of movement (e.g. knee, ankle, shoulder)
Muscular System:
- Functions: body movement, adequate posture, essential bodily functions
- Types of muscular contractions:
  - Isotonic: muscle length can shorten, lengthen, or stay the same
  - Isometric: force is developed but there is no change in the length of the muscle
  - Concentric: muscle length shortens as force is being produced
  - Eccentric: muscle lengthens as force is being produced
- Fast and slow twitch muscle fibers:
  - Slow twitch (type 1): aerobic, low-intensity, resistant to fatigue
  - Fast twitch (type 2A): anaerobic, high-intensity, relatively resistant to fatigue
  - Fast twitch (type 2B): anaerobic, high-intensity, easily fatigued
Cardiovascular System:
- Path of blood in the heart:
  - Oxygenated blood arrives from the lungs and enters the left atrium
  - Oxygenated blood passes into the left ventricle
  - Blood is pumped out through the aorta to the body
  - Deoxygenated blood returns to the right atrium
  - Deoxygenated blood passes into the right ventricle
  - Deoxygenated blood returns to the lungs
Respiratory System:
- Functions: breathing air in, transfer oxygen into blood, remove carbon dioxide from blood
- Gaseous exchange: exchange of gases in the lungs
- Acute responses to exercise:
  - Respiratory rate increases
  - Tidal volume increases
  - Ventilation increases

Energy Systems

Characteristics of each energy system:
- ATP-PC system:
  - Fuel: stored ATP and creatine phosphate
  - Intensity: max efforts >95% max HR
  - Duration: short (fuel depleted after 10 seconds)
  - ATP rate: very fast
  - ATP yield: low
  - By-products: PC stores deplete
- Anaerobic glycolysis system:
  - Fuel: glycogen
  - Intensity: 80-95% max HR
  - Duration: short-medium (10-60 seconds)
  - ATP rate: fast
  - ATP yield: low-medium
  - By-products: accumulation of metabolic by-products
- Aerobic system:
  - Fuel: carbohydrates and fats
  - Intensity: at rest and during sub-maximal intensities
  - Duration: long
  - ATP rate: slow
  - ATP yield: high
  - By-products: no accumulation of metabolic by-products

Projectiles

Factors affecting the distance a projectile will travel:
- Speed of release
- Angle of release
- Height of release
- Air resistance
Characteristics of each type of lever:
- First class lever: F-A-R (force, axis, resistance)
  - EG: see-saw
- Second class lever: A-R-F (axis, resistance, force)
  - EG: wheelbarrow
- Third class lever: A-F-R (axis, force, resistance)
  - EG: upwards phase of bicep curl, kicking a ball