Podcast
Questions and Answers
Why is the eustachian tube more prone to infections in children compared to adults?
Why is the eustachian tube more prone to infections in children compared to adults?
- Children produce more earwax, trapping bacteria in the tube.
- The eustachian tube is shorter and more horizontal in children. (correct)
- Children have larger adenoids, obstructing the eustachian tube.
- The immune system in children is not fully developed to fight infections.
A patient presents with nasal congestion, sore throat, and headache. Which of the following pathogens is most likely responsible for these symptoms?
A patient presents with nasal congestion, sore throat, and headache. Which of the following pathogens is most likely responsible for these symptoms?
- _Haemophilus influenzae_ type b (Hib)
- Rhinovirus (correct)
- _Streptococcus pneumoniae_
- Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
Which of the following drug classes is primarily used to decrease nasal secretions in patients with upper respiratory infections?
Which of the following drug classes is primarily used to decrease nasal secretions in patients with upper respiratory infections?
- Antihistamines
- Antitussives
- Analgesics
- Adrenergic agonists (correct)
Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of antitussives in managing common cold symptoms?
Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of antitussives in managing common cold symptoms?
Which of the following anatomical structures is part of the lower respiratory tract?
Which of the following anatomical structures is part of the lower respiratory tract?
How does the body facilitate the movement of oxygen from the lungs into the blood?
How does the body facilitate the movement of oxygen from the lungs into the blood?
A patient is diagnosed with epiglottitis. Which of the following signs or symptoms would require the MOST immediate intervention?
A patient is diagnosed with epiglottitis. Which of the following signs or symptoms would require the MOST immediate intervention?
Which transmission route is MOST commonly associated with the spread of the common cold?
Which transmission route is MOST commonly associated with the spread of the common cold?
What is the primary mechanism by which the influenza virus causes illness?
What is the primary mechanism by which the influenza virus causes illness?
According to the information from bugsanddrugs.org, what consideration is important when choosing treatment for an infection?
According to the information from bugsanddrugs.org, what consideration is important when choosing treatment for an infection?
Which of the following is a common etiology of rhinosinusitis?
Which of the following is a common etiology of rhinosinusitis?
What is the purpose of the openings, referred to as 'ostia,' in the sinuses?
What is the purpose of the openings, referred to as 'ostia,' in the sinuses?
A clinician is considering prescribing Paxlovid to a patient with COVID-19. What critical aspect of the medication's mechanism of action should the clinician consider?
A clinician is considering prescribing Paxlovid to a patient with COVID-19. What critical aspect of the medication's mechanism of action should the clinician consider?
A researcher is studying the transmission of viral respiratory infections. Which of the following scenarios is LEAST likely to result in the spread of infection?
A researcher is studying the transmission of viral respiratory infections. Which of the following scenarios is LEAST likely to result in the spread of infection?
Why are immunocompromised individuals more susceptible to severe multi-organ disease from a coronavirus infection?
Why are immunocompromised individuals more susceptible to severe multi-organ disease from a coronavirus infection?
In the context of managing a common cold, what is the rationale behind using Vitamin C as a treatment modality?
In the context of managing a common cold, what is the rationale behind using Vitamin C as a treatment modality?
A patient presents with symptoms suggestive of epiglottitis. What is the MOST important initial intervention to ensure patient safety?
A patient presents with symptoms suggestive of epiglottitis. What is the MOST important initial intervention to ensure patient safety?
In the management of the common cold, menthol is often used. What is the primary reason for its inclusion in treatments?
In the management of the common cold, menthol is often used. What is the primary reason for its inclusion in treatments?
For a patient diagnosed with COVID-19, when is remdesivir (Veklury) utilized as a treatment option?
For a patient diagnosed with COVID-19, when is remdesivir (Veklury) utilized as a treatment option?
What is the rationale behind using combination drugs like Benylin, Triaminic, or Sudafed to treat the common cold?
What is the rationale behind using combination drugs like Benylin, Triaminic, or Sudafed to treat the common cold?
Flashcards
bugsanddrugs.org
bugsanddrugs.org
Online resource for treatment recommendations and organism susceptibility.
Common Cold Pathogens
Common Cold Pathogens
Rhinoviruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Coronaviruses are common infecting pathogens
Common Cold Signs and Symptoms
Common Cold Signs and Symptoms
Symptoms include nasopharynx congestion (coryza), post nasal drip (PND), and sore throat (pharyngitis).
Upper vs Lower Respiratory Tract
Upper vs Lower Respiratory Tract
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Coronavirus Definition
Coronavirus Definition
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Symptom Relief Medications
Symptom Relief Medications
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Rhinitis
Rhinitis
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Sinusitis
Sinusitis
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Epiglottitis Definition
Epiglottitis Definition
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Is Epiglottitis Life Threatening?
Is Epiglottitis Life Threatening?
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Symptoms of Epiglottitis
Symptoms of Epiglottitis
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Bacterial Causes of Epiglottitis
Bacterial Causes of Epiglottitis
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Epiglottitis Immediate Treatment
Epiglottitis Immediate Treatment
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Paxlovid Mechanism
Paxlovid Mechanism
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Remdesivir
Remdesivir
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Tocilizumab
Tocilizumab
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Study Notes
bugsanddrugs.org
- It's important to know what information is included and excluded
- Use to find information as required, such as treatment recommendations and organism susceptibility
- Consider patient population (adult, pediatrics), intent (e.g. prophylaxis), and setting (hospital, community)
- Understand terminology
- Understand patient assessment to evaluate drug treatment efficacy
Upper vs Lower Respiratory Tract
- Upper respiratory tract includes the nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx
- Lower respiratory tract includes the trachea, primary bronchi, and lungs
Oxygen Transport
- Oxygen transport described in Porth, pages 680-681
Modes of Infectious Disease Transmission
- Transmission can occur through oral/nasal secretions, needles, injury, direct access to blood, bites, inhalation, ingestion or sexual intercourse
- Transmission can be airborne or via droplets, spreading 1-2m
Common Cold
- A viral infection of the upper respiratory tract and is a common illness
- Pathogens include rhinoviruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and coronaviruses
- Signs and Symptoms include nasopharynx congestion (coryza), post nasal drip (PND), sore throat (pharyngitis), headache, and malaise
- Otitis Media may also occur
- Transmitted through airborne particles, droplets, and contact with contaminated surfaces, handwashing is important
Adult vs Paediatric Eustachian Tube Differences
- The Eustachian tube is shorter and more horizontal in a child, making it easier for bacteria from the throat to travel into this space causing infection.
Treatments: Supportive
- The infection is self-limiting, lasting up to 10 days
- Drug classes can relieve symptoms
- Analgesics decrease pain, such as Tylenol and menthol
- Adrenergic agonists decrease nasal secretions (vasoconstrict)
- Antihistamines decrease inflammation symptoms
- Antitussives cause CNS depression to relieve cough reflex
- Combination drugs are also used, such as Benylin, Triaminic, and Sudafed
- Other treatment options include modalities for prophylaxis to decrease severity and enhance immune response
- Menthol has a cooling effect
- Vitamin C is an immunogenic vitamin
- Echinacea acts as an immune modulator and enhances phagocytosis
- Ginseng acts as an immune modulator and is anti-inflammatory
Coronavirus
- A family of viruses, but not influenza viruses
- Can cause illnesses such as the Common Cold, Covid-19 and SARS
- Symptoms include cough, fever, malaise, SOB, headache, rash, etc
- Can cause severe & multi-organ disease, especially in immunocompromised individuals
- Can affect the CNS, lungs, cardiac, endocrine, and urinary system
- Transmitted via droplets and contact with contaminated surfaces
- Treatment information can be found at bugsanddrugs.org
COVID-19 Treatment
- Treatment information for Covid-19 in AB is available at bugsanddrugs.org
- Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir + ritonavir), a Protease inhibitor + CYP3A inhibitor, is administered orally
- Remdesivir (Veklury), a viral RNA polymerase inhibitor is administered intravenously
- Tocilizumab (Actemra), an IL-6 antibody is administered intravenously
Rhinosinusitis (aka Sinusitis)
- Rhinitis is inflammation of nasal passages
- Sinusitis is inflammation of sinuses
- Sinuses include frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary sinuses
- They have openings 'ostia' to the nasal cavity and lined with respiratory epithelium
- Nasal passage inflammation disrupts normal sinus outflow which traps pathogens
- Pathogens include upper respiratory airway pathogens such as Hib and Strep.Pneumoniae
- Further information on causative pathogens, immunizations, and treatment for acute sinusitis in adults can be found at bugsanddrugs.org
Epiglottitis
- Marked by a sudden & severe inflammation of supraglottic & pharyngeal areas
- It is life threatening due to respiratory obstruction, which can lead to failure and mortality
- Signs and symptoms include mouth breathing, drooling, fever, pale skin and cyanosis accompanied by anxiety and tachycardia
- Bacterial causes include Hib, S.pneumoniae, and Group A strep
- Immediate treatment involves empiric antibiotics and potentially an ET tube
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