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what is psychology

a way of learning about the world through observations

a testable prediction about a process that can be observed and measure

an explanation for a broad range of observations that generate new hypothesis and integrate numerous finding in to a coherent whole

which is not a trait of theories

facts

law

what is true about scientific literacy

exercising curiosity and skepticism when evaluating the claims of others, usually with our assumptions and beliefs

the idea that the simplest of all competing explanations a phenomenon, should be one that we accept

how psychology became a science, through the scientific principals of ......

influences

what did Charles Darwin come up with?

the study of the relationship between the physical world and the mental representation of that world

use of various speeds to help populations survive, though more speed equals more competition, natural selection does what it does, populations need time to adapt, environment matters and populations evolve and the idea that there is no such thing as more evolved, are all examples of ........

evolution of cooperation

the idea that certain parts of the Brain control specific method abilities

idea by Joseph Gali and Johann Spur that the brain consist of 27 organs associated with personality

Brain jury is a common and unfortunate thing, in the case of this individual _____ ______, they were able to identify the brain region associated with speech production and found that injury to left Side of the brain left individuals with the ability to only say 'Tan'

______ ________ identified the brain region associated with speech comprehension, found that people who had damage to the left side of the brain could speak fine but couldn't understand speech, where they could make sounds but no actual words

_____ _______ beloved there was a fluid in blood that was magnetic and believed they could redirect fluid in body to cure disease

used the idea of psychoanalysis which is a psychological approach that attempts to explain how new behaviours and personality can be influenced by unconscious process. done by hypnosis which allowed access to the unconscious mind, and believed that the unconscious mind guided behaviour

instinct part of unconscious mind telling you to act on your desires

morality + critical thinking telling you to do the right thing and follow rules

organized sort that mediates between the desires of id and super ego and decides where to go either with the urges of the id or the superego

which of the following are criticisms of freud

which are not contributions of freud

who influenced psychology through economics, sociology, and anthropology, while also investigating nature vs nurture relationship looking at how heredity and environment influenced behaviour and mental processes. believing that heredity explained psychological differences

combination of ability, morality and achievement resulting in good genes

which of the following are not contributions of Galton

had the first lab dedicated to studying human behaviour, used the process of introspection and structuralism

the process of looking within to describe psychological experience

analyzing copious experience by breaking it down into basic elements and understanding how elements work together

______ ______ adapted the method of introspection, even with criticism growing, using mental experiences composed of elements and different combinations that are responsible for a more complex experience

_____ ____, branched off of structuralism, influenced by Darwins evolutionary principles. proposed the idea of functionalism to explain why we behave as we do and how we function in the world

the study of purpose and function of behaviour with the conscious experience

____ ______, discovered conditioned reflexes, had a mechanism that would ring a bell to signify it starting, as ringing continued people had been conditioned to react even if it didn't ring, reflex

___ ______ trained dogs to salivate in response to membrane, came up with the concept classical conditioning

learning process that occurs when two stimulus are repeatably paired

study of behaviour with little to no reference to mental events or instils as possible influences on behaviour

_ _ _______ responsible for rise of behaviourism, believed all behaviour could be explained by conditioning, thought nurture was important. revolutionized the principles of marketing

_ _ ______ believed that fundamental rules of learning were shared among all animals, used the theory of operant conditioning, which left little room for free will

focuses on unique aspects of each individual human, their freedom to act, rational thoughts, or beliefs

carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow Focused on....

tried to locate where in the brain memories were stored, used the concepts of nonlocalizaton and principle of mass action, showing memories aren't stored in one part of the brain but distributed

exact location of damage isn't important

size of damage corresponds with impairment

________ came up with hebbs law where as 2 brain cells communicate electronically they become more active together and over time grow a stronger connection, making it more likely in the future they will fire together, creating a network

_____ ________ studied those with epilepsy, mapped sensory and motor cortices, idea that we can study mental processes by the Brain its self

came up with the idea of forgetting curves, what we experienced might be forgotten right after but over time we get memory back on experience

____ _______ belied memory was an interpretive process, it can be influenced, we can add on own ideas and stories to fit ways of life. people will tend to forget details but understand the overall

an emphasis on needing to focus on the whole of perception and experience, not just parts

modern day perspective that focuses on mental processes, such as memory, thinking and language

mingling of cognitive psychology with behaviourist and sociologists, occurred after WW2.

known as the founder of modern day psychology, believed behaviour is a function of individual and environmental experience, coming to balance nature and nurture because we need both

the measure of an entity or behaviour that within a allowed margin of error, is consistent across instruments and observers

varibel

statement that describes the procedures and/ or specific measures that are used to record observations

reliability

the degree to which a instrument or procedure actually measures what they claim to be measuring

the degree to which on set of results can be applied to other situations, individuals or events

every person in a population has the same chance of being chosen

sampling individuals that are most readily available

the degree to which laboratory study results can be applied to or repeated in the natural environment

describe situations in which behaviour changes as a result of being observed

inadvertent cues given off by experimenter or the experimental context that provides info and how participants are expected to behave

Clever Hans Effect horse that could do math, isolated the horse and questioner from spectator, used people other than experimenter to ask questions, tested the horse with blinders, response varied on whether the investigator knew the question in advance, as the audience cheered it gave the horse ______ __________

when participants respond in ways that increase their chances in being viewed favourably ,which can be minimized through anonymous questioning

when researchers expectations influence subject behaviour

measurable and experienced improvement in health or behaviour that cannot be attributed to medication or treatment

reducing bias

neither the participant or experimenter know the exact treatment for an individual

sharing of results

an individuals story or testimony about an observation or event, used to make claim or evidence

the belief in an experts claim even when no scientific or supporting details are presented

tradition or novelty

research methods

phineas gage; durastic personality changes once iron rod went straight the the head through the orbital part of the brain, ended up getting some vision back but overtime personality changed from once a nice kind person, to a rude and stubborn one , this showed how frontal Lobes affect personality. this was an example of a .....

Jane good as, studied naturally occurring chimps in the jungle, observed their use of tool and branches to poke food sources. this is an example of a ........

measuring the degree of association between two variables

correlations have

finding a correlation when not looking for one, but data lines up with no actual causal correlation

which is not an example of illusory correlation

experimental research: able to infer causation

independent variable

dependent variable

variables outside the researchers control, that may effect results

experimental research

the Tuskegee syphilis study which took 400 men and identified they has the pre symptoms of syphlils didn't tell thedjust said they had 'bad blood', targeted them based on poor communities, and made false promises and withheld informations and the treatment of syphlisis, is an example of .....

a committee of people who determine are charged with the protection of human reaserch participants and weight the risks and the benefits of a particular study

the process of which a potential volunteer must be informed of the purpose of the task and risks involved in the study, must give consent based on information provides

misleading or partially informing participants of the true topic or hypothesis under investigation

to give full consent you can....

the researchers explain the true nature of the study and especially the reasons for deception

basic stats

stats

a statistical method of evaluating whether the differences among groups are meaningful, or could have been arrived at by chance

implies that the mean of groups are farther apart than you would expect them to be, by random chance alone

structures in the cell nucleus that contain genes of individual inheritity

double helix model that contains four types of nucleotides

the basic unit of heredity: guide protein synthesis

phenotype

genotype

fundamentals of genetic transmission

what is a gene

behavioural genetic : twin studies

degree of similarity between pairs of individuals

the degree to which genetics explain individual differences or variance in a behaviour or trait

the study of DNA and the ways in which specific genes are related to a behaviour

the change in frequency of genes occurring in a population over generations

human mate preferences do not show

structure of a neuron

structures of a neuron

connect one neuron to another

the brains ability to change structure and function

formation of new neurons integrated into the adult brains

Daniel kish uses echolocation to get around this is an example of

brain cells

inside the neuron communications

action potential

what isn't true about action potential

the small space between the terminal and and the dendrite of another, where action potential can cause this where packs of neurotransmitters will migrate and fuse with the terminal button, causing it to be dumped into the synaptic cleft of another

process where new neurotransmitters are released and reabsorbed into the axon terminal of the pre synaptic neuron example are SSRI's which prevent this process and cause a build up and generate more serotonin

types of neurotransmitter

neurotransmitters

neurotransmitters

drug effects

cental nervous system

peripheral nervous system

hind brain

mid brain

forebrain

limbic system:emotion and memory

endocrine system: hormones in the brain and body

cerebral cortex

localization vs circuits

lobes of cerebral cortex

frontal lobes

densely concentrated bundle of nerve cells connecting the two hemispheres

when one hemisphere is dominate for specializes in processing certain types of information

cutting the brain into two halves, the left and the right with the hope of preventing epileptic episodes

studying structure and function in the brain

change in surface level activity in the brain during cognitive involvement

functional dynamic imaging

Brian stimulation by wilder penfield manipulating something directly and allowing it to affect correlation and causation. use of electoral current to induce certain behavioural response

lesiining tech

the process of detecting external events by the sense organs

the process in which physical or chemical stimulation is converted into a neural impulse that is relayed into the brain

attending to, organizing and interpreting stimuli that we sense

the minimum amount of energy or quantity of a stimulus required for it to de reliably detected at least 50% of the time it is detected

smallest difference 2 stimuli that a subject can detect, 'just noticeable difference'

how we estimate change, Gustave fetcher came up with the equation K=DL/S , with the idea that the smaller the function the more sensitive a person is to a change in intensity, leaving some senses to be more sensitive than others

how we make decisions under conditions of uncertainty

hit- detecting the stimulus when it is present

not detecting stimulus when it is absent

miss- failing to detect the stimuli when it is present

detecting a stimulus when it is absent

presented below conscious threshold, detected with no conscious awareness

which are not affects of subliminal stimuli

explains how we organize sensory information into groups

the process by which elements are organized to form perceivable objects

gestalt psychologist came up with many ways to achieve perceptual organization

the brains tendency to fill in gaps, creating a more meaningful experience

the use of previous knowledge, experiences and expectations to guide what is perceived

constructing a whole stimulus or concept from bits of raw sensory information

the gate way to experience, if we don't pay _________ to something it cannot enter into our gateway of experience

selective attention

paying attention to several stimuli/tasks at once

when doing something unfamiliar or new we have to use___________

a failure to notice clearly visible events or objects because the attention is divided else where

height of waves of light

distance between waves of light

white outer part of the eye

clear layer that covers the eye

regulates the amount of light the eye lets in

round muscle that controls the size of the pupil

clear structure that focuses light in the eye

pick the correct order in which light hit the eye a=pupil, b=cornea, c=lense, d=iris

when the focus point falls short of the retina, where the lens or cornea bends light too much for too long, will be able to see up close but not far away

when the cornea or lens fails to bend light enough, where the focus falls short of the retina, allowing people to see in the distance, but not up close

cells of the retina

from light to nerve

from light to nerve steps

colour perception, through colour vision that is determined by 3 cone types that are sensitive to either short, long or medium wave lengths, combining these 3 cone types generate a unique structure associated with each perceived colour

only have one cone type

why is collar deficiency more common in males

mono vs di vs tri vs tetra

inhibitory interneurons that contrast between photoreceptors

crossover point for optic nerves at mid point of the brain, where light is flipped and then sent to the thalamus which will direct it where to go

the region of the thalamus that redirects visual information throughout the brain

makes up the raw visual pictures that make up what we are looking at

neurons that respond selectively based on scientific aspects of the stimulus and specific regions of the visual field

to get an image we need to look at a particular screen

extends from the visual cortex to the temporal lobe, used to identify objects and faces

pareidolia

prosopagnosia

holistic face process

the ability to perceive objects as having constant shape, size and colour despite change sin perspective, where the Brian factors in depth cues

relies on depth cues to make perceptual connections to retinal image, where objects need to be larger ignorer to trick the brain

which is not a process of colour and light constancy

which is not apart of lightness consistency

where and how, extending form the visual cortex to the partial lobe

the ability to position ourselves from two binocular cues

depth perception in the Doral stream

strabismus

depth perception

sound

souniddetection outer ear

middle ear

the are along the basilar membrane that gets stimulated corresponding with frequency

diffrent frequencies respond with different sounds

as waves are generated they hit tiny hair cells called

tiny electrons placed in the choclea, attached to a battery and microphone hat amplify sounds form the outside world

when hair cells fire synchronously with a rising pressure, and phase as sound stimulus

the summed activity of cells that can provide a more accurate reparation of frequency, this theory helps single nerouns to fire before 1000 HZ

parts of the ear

the process of identifying where sounds are coming from, done through interaural time differences (the slight difference between two ears) and sound shadows (intensity of sound fading further as it travels)

why does the outer ear have a weird design

combing sensations from different modalities into a single integrated perception

somatosensory system

ability to decree between 2 different points of pressure, where the sensitivity corresponds with areas of greater neural representation in the somatosensory cortex

the perception of objects

exploring through sense of touch

active vs passive touch

tactile agnosia

which is an example of sensory integration

visual information that influences the sense of touch

proprioception vs kinisthesis

how do neural prosthetics work?

pain perception

direct pathway model of pain

what did the traditional theory of the direct pathway model fail to account for

top down influences on pain say that

what influence does empathy have on pain

gustary system :taste recpetors

where projections go in taste

people who have many more taste buds and tend to be more sensitive to certain tastes

thin layer of cells that are lined by sensory receptors called cilia

receptor that transmit signal to the olfactory build via the olfactory tract

chemotropic organization

olfactory system