241 Questions
what is psychology
the study of behaviour, thoughts and experience
a way of learning about the world through observations
scientific method
a testable prediction about a process that can be observed and measure
hypothesis
an explanation for a broad range of observations that generate new hypothesis and integrate numerous finding in to a coherent whole
theory
which is not a trait of theories
they cannot be updated
facts
observations about the world around us
law
a detailed description of how something happens
what is true about scientific literacy
all of the above
exercising curiosity and skepticism when evaluating the claims of others, usually with our assumptions and beliefs
critical thinking
the idea that the simplest of all competing explanations a phenomenon, should be one that we accept
how psychology became a science, through the scientific principals of ......
empiricism = philosophical tenet that knowledge comes through experience determinism = the belief that all events are governed by lawful cause+effect relationships zeitgeist = the general set of beliefs of a particular culture at specific points in history materialism = the belief that humans and other living things are composed exclusively of physical matter
influences
Hippocrates = idea of four humours that were thought to contribute to our health and personality Aristotle = ideas of tabula rasa: beginning life on a blank slate, and psyche: that the mind is the source of all human behaviour Rene Decarts = proposed the idea of cartesian dualism and a solution to mind and body problem, had the idea that both material and nonmaterial body drives behaviour and tried to resolve the problem of interactions through the pineal gland Gustav Fechner = idea of pshycophysics and that humans are subjective creatures
what did Charles Darwin come up with?
theory of evolution by natural selection, evolution can select for different behaviours, emotional expression
the study of the relationship between the physical world and the mental representation of that world
psychophysics
use of various speeds to help populations survive, though more speed equals more competition, natural selection does what it does, populations need time to adapt, environment matters and populations evolve and the idea that there is no such thing as more evolved, are all examples of ........
evolution simulation
evolution of cooperation
repeat interactions = trust keeps relationships going but knowledge of further repeat interactions before trust can evolve possible win-wins = must play a non-zero sum game where its possible that both players can be better off low miscommunication = if the level of miscommunication is to high, trust can break down, while a little bit pays to be more forgiving ignore = ignore
the idea that certain parts of the Brain control specific method abilities
brain localization
idea by Joseph Gali and Johann Spur that the brain consist of 27 organs associated with personality
phenotype
Brain jury is a common and unfortunate thing, in the case of this individual _____ ______, they were able to identify the brain region associated with speech production and found that injury to left Side of the brain left individuals with the ability to only say 'Tan'
Paul Broca
______ ________ identified the brain region associated with speech comprehension, found that people who had damage to the left side of the brain could speak fine but couldn't understand speech, where they could make sounds but no actual words
Carl Wernicke
_____ _______ beloved there was a fluid in blood that was magnetic and believed they could redirect fluid in body to cure disease
Franz Mesmer
used the idea of psychoanalysis which is a psychological approach that attempts to explain how new behaviours and personality can be influenced by unconscious process. done by hypnosis which allowed access to the unconscious mind, and believed that the unconscious mind guided behaviour
Sigmund Freud
instinct part of unconscious mind telling you to act on your desires
id
morality + critical thinking telling you to do the right thing and follow rules
super ego
organized sort that mediates between the desires of id and super ego and decides where to go either with the urges of the id or the superego
ego
which of the following are criticisms of freud
all of the above
which are not contributions of freud
early child influences have no affect on influence of adults
who influenced psychology through economics, sociology, and anthropology, while also investigating nature vs nurture relationship looking at how heredity and environment influenced behaviour and mental processes. believing that heredity explained psychological differences
Sir Frances Galton
combination of ability, morality and achievement resulting in good genes
eminence
which of the following are not contributions of Galton
believed nature was more important than nurture
had the first lab dedicated to studying human behaviour, used the process of introspection and structuralism
Wilhelm Wundt
the process of looking within to describe psychological experience
introspection
analyzing copious experience by breaking it down into basic elements and understanding how elements work together
structuralism
______ ______ adapted the method of introspection, even with criticism growing, using mental experiences composed of elements and different combinations that are responsible for a more complex experience
Edward Titchner
_____ ____, branched off of structuralism, influenced by Darwins evolutionary principles. proposed the idea of functionalism to explain why we behave as we do and how we function in the world
William James
the study of purpose and function of behaviour with the conscious experience
functionalism
____ ______, discovered conditioned reflexes, had a mechanism that would ring a bell to signify it starting, as ringing continued people had been conditioned to react even if it didn't ring, reflex
Edwin Twitmyer
___ ______ trained dogs to salivate in response to membrane, came up with the concept classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
learning process that occurs when two stimulus are repeatably paired
classical Conditioning
study of behaviour with little to no reference to mental events or instils as possible influences on behaviour
behaviourism
_ _ _______ responsible for rise of behaviourism, believed all behaviour could be explained by conditioning, thought nurture was important. revolutionized the principles of marketing
John b Watson
_ _ ______ believed that fundamental rules of learning were shared among all animals, used the theory of operant conditioning, which left little room for free will
B.F. Skinner
focuses on unique aspects of each individual human, their freedom to act, rational thoughts, or beliefs
Humanistic Psychology
carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow Focused on....
all of the above
tried to locate where in the brain memories were stored, used the concepts of nonlocalizaton and principle of mass action, showing memories aren't stored in one part of the brain but distributed
Karl Lashely
exact location of damage isn't important
non localization
size of damage corresponds with impairment
principle of mass action
________ came up with hebbs law where as 2 brain cells communicate electronically they become more active together and over time grow a stronger connection, making it more likely in the future they will fire together, creating a network
_____ ________ studied those with epilepsy, mapped sensory and motor cortices, idea that we can study mental processes by the Brain its self
Wilder Penfield
came up with the idea of forgetting curves, what we experienced might be forgotten right after but over time we get memory back on experience
Herman Ebbinghaus
____ _______ belied memory was an interpretive process, it can be influenced, we can add on own ideas and stories to fit ways of life. people will tend to forget details but understand the overall
Fredrick Bartlett
an emphasis on needing to focus on the whole of perception and experience, not just parts
Gestalt Psychology
modern day perspective that focuses on mental processes, such as memory, thinking and language
cognitive psychology
mingling of cognitive psychology with behaviourist and sociologists, occurred after WW2.
both A and B
known as the founder of modern day psychology, believed behaviour is a function of individual and environmental experience, coming to balance nature and nurture because we need both
kurt Lewin
the measure of an entity or behaviour that within a allowed margin of error, is consistent across instruments and observers
objectivity
varibel
the object being measured
statement that describes the procedures and/ or specific measures that are used to record observations
operational definitions
reliability
reliability = when the measurement provides consistent and stable answers across multiple observations and points in time test retest = coming to the same conclusion alternate forms = can be bias if taking test again, which may compromise results inter rater = multiple observations should come to the same conclusion using same measurement of argument
the degree to which a instrument or procedure actually measures what they claim to be measuring
validity
the degree to which on set of results can be applied to other situations, individuals or events
generalizability
every person in a population has the same chance of being chosen
random sample
sampling individuals that are most readily available
convince sample
the degree to which laboratory study results can be applied to or repeated in the natural environment
ecological validity
describe situations in which behaviour changes as a result of being observed
hawthorn effect
inadvertent cues given off by experimenter or the experimental context that provides info and how participants are expected to behave
demand characteristics
Clever Hans Effect horse that could do math, isolated the horse and questioner from spectator, used people other than experimenter to ask questions, tested the horse with blinders, response varied on whether the investigator knew the question in advance, as the audience cheered it gave the horse ______ __________
demand characteristics
when participants respond in ways that increase their chances in being viewed favourably ,which can be minimized through anonymous questioning
social desirability responding
when researchers expectations influence subject behaviour
observer expectancy effect
measurable and experienced improvement in health or behaviour that cannot be attributed to medication or treatment
placebo affect
reducing bias
anonymity = individuals responses are reordered without name or personal info that could link them to results confidentiality = results only seen by researcher inform participants = telling them how data and results will be used single blind = participants don't know true purpose of the study or don't know type of treatment they will or have received
neither the participant or experimenter know the exact treatment for an individual
double blind study
sharing of results
peer review = when peers review papers submitted for scholars journals and react to them critically replication = process of repeating a study and finding a similar outcome each time replication crisis = change of results weakforms of evidence = unscientific messages
an individuals story or testimony about an observation or event, used to make claim or evidence
anecdotal evidence
the belief in an experts claim even when no scientific or supporting details are presented
appeal to authority
tradition or novelty
appeal to common sense
research methods
case studies = in depth reports about the details go specific cases, where it is difficult to generalize treatments and conclusions because they may be applicable to some and not all naturalistic observations = psychologists unobstructively observe and record behaviours in subjects natural environment as it occurs surveys/questionares = participant makes the observations ignore = ignore
phineas gage; durastic personality changes once iron rod went straight the the head through the orbital part of the brain, ended up getting some vision back but overtime personality changed from once a nice kind person, to a rude and stubborn one , this showed how frontal Lobes affect personality. this was an example of a .....
case study
Jane good as, studied naturally occurring chimps in the jungle, observed their use of tool and branches to poke food sources. this is an example of a ........
naturalistic observation
measuring the degree of association between two variables
correlational research
correlations have
direction = positive or negative magnitude = correlational coefficient variable problems = does variable "a" cause variable "b" to change or is there a third that causes change ignore = ignore
finding a correlation when not looking for one, but data lines up with no actual causal correlation
illusory correlation, relations ships that only exist in the mind rather them in reality
which is not an example of illusory correlation
higher chance of cancer for smokers
experimental research: able to infer causation
random assignment = technique for dividing samples into 2 or more groups experimenter control = variables are manipulated experimental group = receives special treatment in regards to independent variable ignore = ignore
independent variable
the variable that causes change
dependent variable
the variable that changes in response to the independent variable
variables outside the researchers control, that may effect results
confounding variables
experimental research
between subjects design = subjects In different groups are compared within subjects design = all subjects respond to all types of stimuli or experience experimental conditions quasi experiment = research techniques where 2 or more groups are compared are selected based on predetermined characteristics, rather than random assignment ignore = ignore
the Tuskegee syphilis study which took 400 men and identified they has the pre symptoms of syphlils didn't tell thedjust said they had 'bad blood', targeted them based on poor communities, and made false promises and withheld informations and the treatment of syphlisis, is an example of .....
ethical issues
a committee of people who determine are charged with the protection of human reaserch participants and weight the risks and the benefits of a particular study
research ethics board
the process of which a potential volunteer must be informed of the purpose of the task and risks involved in the study, must give consent based on information provides
informed consent
misleading or partially informing participants of the true topic or hypothesis under investigation
deception
to give full consent you can....
all of the above
the researchers explain the true nature of the study and especially the reasons for deception
basic stats
descriptive stats = used to organize , summarize and interpret data frequency = the number of observations that fall within a certain category or range of scores central tendency = measure of the central point of distribution variability = the degree to which stats are dispersed in a distribution
stats
mean = average median = middle most point mode = most frequent number in the observation standard deviation = the measure of variability around the mean
a statistical method of evaluating whether the differences among groups are meaningful, or could have been arrived at by chance
hypothesis testing
implies that the mean of groups are farther apart than you would expect them to be, by random chance alone
statistical significance
structures in the cell nucleus that contain genes of individual inheritity
chromosome
double helix model that contains four types of nucleotides
DNA
the basic unit of heredity: guide protein synthesis
genes
phenotype
the observable characteristics such as behaviour and physical structure
genotype
the genetic make up of an individual
fundamentals of genetic transmission
homozygous = when genes at a particular location are the same heterozygous = when genes in a particular location are different dominate = will always be expressed recessive = only expressed if with the same
what is a gene
a special stretch of DNA that codes for something
behavioural genetic : twin studies
behavioural genetics = evaluate how genes and environment influence behaviour twin studides = monozygotic vs dizyogotic monozygotic = "identical" come from a single mass of cells that split into two, that share genetics dizygotic = "fraternal" two separate masses of cells, that develop sepertaly and have the same genetic make up as regular siblings
degree of similarity between pairs of individuals
concordance rate
the degree to which genetics explain individual differences or variance in a behaviour or trait
heredity
the study of DNA and the ways in which specific genes are related to a behaviour
behavioural genomics
the change in frequency of genes occurring in a population over generations
evolution
human mate preferences do not show
males and females have no preference for looks
structure of a neuron
soma = main cell body dendrites/braches = allow one neuron to connect to another axon hilcok = base of the neuron axon = how the neuron moves
structures of a neuron
myelin shealth = fatty connective tissue wrapped around axon that speeds up the electrical impulse axon terminal = the end of the neuron sensory = collected through the external environment motor = taking from and giving to body parts cause response
connect one neuron to another
synaptic neuron
the brains ability to change structure and function
neuroplasity
formation of new neurons integrated into the adult brains
adult neurogenesis
Daniel kish uses echolocation to get around this is an example of
adult neurogenesis
brain cells
Gail cells = variety of cell types that serve to support functions for neurone micro Gail = engulf debris and mount immune response astrocytes = provide physical support and deliver energy to neuron's ignore = ignore
inside the neuron communications
concentration gradient = ions naturally diffusing from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration electrostatic pressure = repulse like charges, attract opposite charges ignore 1 = ignore 1 ignore 2 = ignore 2
action potential
resting potential = cell is polarized and ready to transmit signal action potential = a wave of electrical activity that originates at the base of the axon and rapidly travels down the length, occurs when it exceeds 55mV firing threshold and the cell is now depolarized resting potential = a brief period during which a neuron cannot fire again ignore = ignore
what isn't true about action potential
neuron's fire differently each time
the small space between the terminal and and the dendrite of another, where action potential can cause this where packs of neurotransmitters will migrate and fuse with the terminal button, causing it to be dumped into the synaptic cleft of another
synaptic cleft
process where new neurotransmitters are released and reabsorbed into the axon terminal of the pre synaptic neuron example are SSRI's which prevent this process and cause a build up and generate more serotonin
reuptake
types of neurotransmitter
Glutamate = excites nervous systems memory and atomic nervous systems reaction GABA = inhibits brain activity and lowers arousal, anxiety, and facilitates sleep acytocholine = movement and attention dopamine = controls movement and reward seeking behaviour and cognition, and attention
neurotransmitters
norepinephrine = memory, attention to new or important stimuli, regulation of sleep and mood seratonin = regulates sleep, appetite and mood ignore 1 = ignore 1 ignore 2 = ignore 2
neurotransmitters
inhibitory nerurotransmitters = decrease likelihood of an action potential occurring excitatory neurotransmitters = increase likely hood of action potential occurring ignore 1 = ignore1 ignore 2 = ignore 2
drug effects
agnostic = drugs that enhance or mimic the effects of a neurotransmitter antagonistic = drugs that inhibit an neurotransmitters activity by blocking receptors or preventing stimuli ignore 1 = ignore 1 ignore2 = ignore 2
cental nervous system
brain = intercepts and stores information and communicates with muscles, glands and organs spinal cord = pathway connecting brain and peripheral nervous system ignore 1 = ignore 1 ignore 2 = ignore 2
peripheral nervous system
autonomic = regulates activity of organs , glands and other psychological processes somatic = transmit sensory info and control movement of skeletal muscles sympathetic = prepares body to react and expand energy in times of stress parasympathetic = maintains body functions, conserves resources
hind brain
medualla = controls basic living functions pons = general levels of wakeful ness and arousal reticular = general levels of wakeful ness and arousal as well as bridge between hind brain and rest of brain, responsible for sleep paralysis cerebellum = coiridination and reinforcement of movement
mid brain
tectum = superior colliculus, orients visual attention and inferior colliculus, orients auditory attention substana nigra = connected with fore brain and plays roll in producing voluntary move meant ignore 1 = ignore 1 ignore 2 = ignore 2
forebrain
ventricle = contain cerebralspinal fluid, remove waste products and supplies nutrients and hormones, cushions the brain and spine basal ganglia = involved in facilitating planned movement and skill learning nucleus accumbent = integrates sensory and movement info with brains reward system ignore = ignore
limbic system:emotion and memory
amyglada = processes emotional response and stimuli the fear centre of the brain hippocampus = critical for learning and the formation of new memories thalamus = relays sensory info to different parts of the brain ignore = ignore
endocrine system: hormones in the brain and body
hypothalamus = regulates basic bodily needs and motivation pituitary gland = master gland, releases hormones hormones = chemical secreted form glands of endocrine system 1 = 1
cerebral cortex
grey matter = made up of cell bodies and dendrites white matter = made up of myelinated axons that interconnect different structures of the brain 1 = 1 2 = 2
localization vs circuits
localization = specific function located in a specific area circuits = specific function controlled by interconnected areas 1 = 1 2 = 2
lobes of cerebral cortex
occipital = located at rear, where visual information is processed temporal = located at sides near ears, auditory and aspects of vision, object and facial frontla = at front associated with higher order, planning impulse, motor and language 1 = 1
frontal lobes
primary motor cortex = control of voluntary movement somatosensory = processes touch sensations for various body parts 1 = 1 2 = 2
densely concentrated bundle of nerve cells connecting the two hemispheres
corpus colosseum
when one hemisphere is dominate for specializes in processing certain types of information
lateralization of function
cutting the brain into two halves, the left and the right with the hope of preventing epileptic episodes
split brain
studying structure and function in the brain
structural static neuroimaging = taking a photo and seeing what the brain looks like computerized tomography = waves passed through brain at different angles, creating different images magnetic resource imaging = measuring the magnetic properties of the brain diffusion tensor imaging = visuals the white matter tracts, myelin, looks at functioning of neural abnormalities in neural pathways
change in surface level activity in the brain during cognitive involvement
event related potential
functional dynamic imaging
position emersion tech = give radioactive glucose which is taken up by neural tissues that are active during metal taks functional magnetic imaging = measures brain activity by detecting influx of oxygenated blood into neural areas that we just active 1 = 1 2 = 2
Brian stimulation by wilder penfield manipulating something directly and allowing it to affect correlation and causation. use of electoral current to induce certain behavioural response
wilder penfield
lesiining tech
cryogenic blockade = injecting a fluid and freezing then thawing to see if change had occurred surgical cuts = making small cuts by inserting blades and severing connections chance causes of brain injury = damage to part of brain and loosing function of that part transcranial magnetic stimulation = melanic pulse vtmeportaly interrupting Brain activity, which allows for experiemter control, safe and can be done in the same day and still drive home
the process of detecting external events by the sense organs
the process in which physical or chemical stimulation is converted into a neural impulse that is relayed into the brain
attending to, organizing and interpreting stimuli that we sense
the minimum amount of energy or quantity of a stimulus required for it to de reliably detected at least 50% of the time it is detected
smallest difference 2 stimuli that a subject can detect, 'just noticeable difference'
how we estimate change, Gustave fetcher came up with the equation K=DL/S , with the idea that the smaller the function the more sensitive a person is to a change in intensity, leaving some senses to be more sensitive than others
how we make decisions under conditions of uncertainty
hit- detecting the stimulus when it is present
not detecting stimulus when it is absent
miss- failing to detect the stimuli when it is present
detecting a stimulus when it is absent
presented below conscious threshold, detected with no conscious awareness
subliminal stimuli
which are not affects of subliminal stimuli
can create new motivation and can activate existing
explains how we organize sensory information into groups
gestalt principles
the process by which elements are organized to form perceivable objects
perceptual organization
gestalt psychologist came up with many ways to achieve perceptual organization
figure and ground = objects and figures in out environment that tend to stand out against a background continuity = objects partially covered by other objects are seen as continuous behind other objects proximity = perceiving close objects as grouped together meaning they have ______ similarity = objects that have similar shape, size, colour etc are grouped together and form a larger object
the brains tendency to fill in gaps, creating a more meaningful experience
the use of previous knowledge, experiences and expectations to guide what is perceived
top down processing
constructing a whole stimulus or concept from bits of raw sensory information
bottom up process
the gate way to experience, if we don't pay _________ to something it cannot enter into our gateway of experience
selective attention
paying attention to several stimuli/tasks at once
when doing something unfamiliar or new we have to use___________
selective attention
a failure to notice clearly visible events or objects because the attention is divided else where
inattention blindness
height of waves of light
distance between waves of light
white outer part of the eye
sclera
clear layer that covers the eye
cornea
regulates the amount of light the eye lets in
pupil
round muscle that controls the size of the pupil
iris
clear structure that focuses light in the eye
lense
pick the correct order in which light hit the eye a=pupil, b=cornea, c=lense, d=iris
b, a, d, c
when the focus point falls short of the retina, where the lens or cornea bends light too much for too long, will be able to see up close but not far away
myopia
when the cornea or lens fails to bend light enough, where the focus falls short of the retina, allowing people to see in the distance, but not up close
hyperopia
cells of the retina
retina = contains light detecting cells, where the cornea and lenses will reflect light cones = concentration on fovea to produce high detail colour bison at out point of focus rods = outer region of the retina provides peripheral vision and are specialized for low light dark adaptation = the process where rods and cone gain sensitivity to low light levels
from light to nerve
bipolar neurons = synapse to receptors ganglion cells = transmit signals from neurons to the brain optic nerve = axon tracts from ganglion cells to the brain ignore = ignore
from light to nerve steps
1 l = light goes in, photoreceptors organize in the back of the eye, then passes through the rods and cones moving through transduction and taking external energy and converting into light which is sent to bipolar neurons 2 = after passing through the bipolar neurons, moves to the ganglion cell then to the optic nerve 3 = as neurons gather in the optic nerve it creates a gape or blindspot ignore = ignote
colour perception, through colour vision that is determined by 3 cone types that are sensitive to either short, long or medium wave lengths, combining these 3 cone types generate a unique structure associated with each perceived colour
only have one cone type
why is collar deficiency more common in males
mono vs di vs tri vs tetra
mono = only have one cone type, see in black/white/grey, ex seals di = only have two cone types ex. dogs/horses tri = have three cone types ex.humans tetra = have four cone types, can see in ultra violet ex.birds
inhibitory interneurons that contrast between photoreceptors
horizontal cells
crossover point for optic nerves at mid point of the brain, where light is flipped and then sent to the thalamus which will direct it where to go
optic chiasm
the region of the thalamus that redirects visual information throughout the brain
lateral geniculate nucleus
makes up the raw visual pictures that make up what we are looking at
primary visual cortex
neurons that respond selectively based on scientific aspects of the stimulus and specific regions of the visual field
feature detection cells
to get an image we need to look at a particular screen
ventral streams; face processing
extends from the visual cortex to the temporal lobe, used to identify objects and faces
ventral stream
pareidolia
seeing a face where there isn't one
prosopagnosia
cannot perceive or recognize face as a whole, have to go feature by feature
holistic face process
looking at faces as a whole
the ability to perceive objects as having constant shape, size and colour despite change sin perspective, where the Brian factors in depth cues
perceptual consistency
relies on depth cues to make perceptual connections to retinal image, where objects need to be larger ignorer to trick the brain
size consistency
which is not a process of colour and light constancy
understanding that fundamental objects will change physically or perspectively based on light and how we view them
which is not apart of lightness consistency
when objects are casted in light differently it does change their colour
where and how, extending form the visual cortex to the partial lobe
dorsal stream
the ability to position ourselves from two binocular cues
depth perception
depth perception in the Doral stream
binocular cues = distance cues that are based on the differing perspective of Both eyes convergence = occurs when the eye muscles contract so that both eyes focus on a single object rental disparity = the difference in perspective provided by each eye stereopsis = sense of depth
strabismus
depth perception
monocular depth cues = depth cues that we can perceive with only one eye accomidation = curving of lens to focus on near by things motion parallax = used when surroundings are in motion ignore = ignore
sound
pitch = perceptual experience of sound wave frequencies loudness = perceptual experience of amplitude frequency = how many waves occur in a second ignore = ignore
souniddetection outer ear
pinna = collects sounds, acting as a funnel auditory canal = amplifies frequencies between 1000-5000HZ 1 = 1 2 = 2
middle ear
1 = vibrations meet the tympanic membrane, where they get amplified by ossicle 2 = hit the stapes which will amplify the signal 3 = ossicles will change air into waves 4 = hit the fluid within the inner ear, creating waves
the are along the basilar membrane that gets stimulated corresponding with frequency
place theory of the inner ear
diffrent frequencies respond with different sounds
tonotopic map
as waves are generated they hit tiny hair cells called
cilia
tiny electrons placed in the choclea, attached to a battery and microphone hat amplify sounds form the outside world
cochlear inplant
when hair cells fire synchronously with a rising pressure, and phase as sound stimulus
inner ear frequency theory
the summed activity of cells that can provide a more accurate reparation of frequency, this theory helps single nerouns to fire before 1000 HZ
volley principle
parts of the ear
auditory path ways = where signals collect cochlear nucleus = cross over of auditory signals to other hemisphere medial geniculate nucleus = structure within the thalamus responsible for routing auditory transmissions primary auditory cortex = organized similar to cochlea , breaks down frequency that have been exposed and organize along a tonotopic map
the process of identifying where sounds are coming from, done through interaural time differences (the slight difference between two ears) and sound shadows (intensity of sound fading further as it travels)
sound localization
why does the outer ear have a weird design
because the folds of the pinna affect frequencies, that depend on the elevation of sound
combing sensations from different modalities into a single integrated perception
multi modal integration
somatosensory system
epidermis = the outer layer of skin that acts as a protective barrier durmas = the inner layer composed of free end neurons, that allow for touch mechanoreceptors = detect pressure and touch nociceptors = detect pain and extreme temperature
ability to decree between 2 different points of pressure, where the sensitivity corresponds with areas of greater neural representation in the somatosensory cortex
touch sensitivity; acuity
the perception of objects
tactile acuity
exploring through sense of touch
haptics
active vs passive touch
moving the object around and exploring
tactile agnosia
not allowed to explore or move abject around
which is an example of sensory integration
rubber hand illusion
visual information that influences the sense of touch
sensory integration
proprioception vs kinisthesis
proprioception = sense of bodily position kinisthesis = sense of body motion neural prosthetics = feeling through machines ignore = ignore
how do neural prosthetics work?
though a surgery of targeted sensory innovation that allows a amputee to use there prosthetic like a normal limb, interpreting signals form the brain to limb
pain perception
nociception = sense of pain singled by special nocirecptors fast fibers = registar sharp and immediate pain slow fibers = registers chronic dull pain ignore = ignore
direct pathway model of pain
traditional pain = nocirecptors are stimulated and send a signal to the brain, making it straight forward and purely psychological gate control theory = explains experience of pain as an interaction between nerves that transmit pain messages and inhibit those messages 1 = 1 2 = 2
what did the traditional theory of the direct pathway model fail to account for
all of the above
top down influences on pain say that
both a and c
what influence does empathy have on pain
if one has empathy for someone experiencing pain it could result In a shared experience
gustary system :taste recpetors
found on the young as small bumps that can detect sweet, salty, bitter, sour and umami tastes
where projections go in taste
gustatory cortex
people who have many more taste buds and tend to be more sensitive to certain tastes
supertasters
thin layer of cells that are lined by sensory receptors called cilia
olfactory epithelium
receptor that transmit signal to the olfactory build via the olfactory tract
cila
chemotropic organization
olfactory build = organized by clusters according to chemical type and structure ability to understand smell = depends on reference point of smell 1 = 1 2 = 2
olfactory system
animals = macro somatic have a strong sense of smell necessary for survival humans = micro somatic have a weaker sense of smell, not necessary for survival 1 = 1 2 = 2
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