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Questions and Answers

what is psychology

the study of behaviour, thoughts and experience

a way of learning about the world through observations

scientific method

a testable prediction about a process that can be observed and measure

hypothesis

an explanation for a broad range of observations that generate new hypothesis and integrate numerous finding in to a coherent whole

<p>theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

which is not a trait of theories

<p>they cannot be updated</p> Signup and view all the answers

facts

<p>observations about the world around us</p> Signup and view all the answers

law

<p>a detailed description of how something happens</p> Signup and view all the answers

what is true about scientific literacy

<p>all of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

exercising curiosity and skepticism when evaluating the claims of others, usually with our assumptions and beliefs

<p>critical thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

the idea that the simplest of all competing explanations a phenomenon, should be one that we accept

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how psychology became a science, through the scientific principals of ......

<p>empiricism = philosophical tenet that knowledge comes through experience determinism = the belief that all events are governed by lawful cause+effect relationships zeitgeist = the general set of beliefs of a particular culture at specific points in history materialism = the belief that humans and other living things are composed exclusively of physical matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

influences

<p>Hippocrates = idea of four humours that were thought to contribute to our health and personality Aristotle = ideas of tabula rasa: beginning life on a blank slate, and psyche: that the mind is the source of all human behaviour Rene Decarts = proposed the idea of cartesian dualism and a solution to mind and body problem, had the idea that both material and nonmaterial body drives behaviour and tried to resolve the problem of interactions through the pineal gland Gustav Fechner = idea of pshycophysics and that humans are subjective creatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

what did Charles Darwin come up with?

<p>theory of evolution by natural selection, evolution can select for different behaviours, emotional expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

the study of the relationship between the physical world and the mental representation of that world

<p>psychophysics</p> Signup and view all the answers

use of various speeds to help populations survive, though more speed equals more competition, natural selection does what it does, populations need time to adapt, environment matters and populations evolve and the idea that there is no such thing as more evolved, are all examples of ........

<p>evolution simulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

evolution of cooperation

<p>repeat interactions = trust keeps relationships going but knowledge of further repeat interactions before trust can evolve possible win-wins = must play a non-zero sum game where its possible that both players can be better off low miscommunication = if the level of miscommunication is to high, trust can break down, while a little bit pays to be more forgiving ignore = ignore</p> Signup and view all the answers

the idea that certain parts of the Brain control specific method abilities

<p>brain localization</p> Signup and view all the answers

idea by Joseph Gali and Johann Spur that the brain consist of 27 organs associated with personality

<p>phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

Brain jury is a common and unfortunate thing, in the case of this individual _____ ______, they were able to identify the brain region associated with speech production and found that injury to left Side of the brain left individuals with the ability to only say 'Tan'

<p>Paul Broca</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ ________ identified the brain region associated with speech comprehension, found that people who had damage to the left side of the brain could speak fine but couldn't understand speech, where they could make sounds but no actual words

<p>Carl Wernicke</p> Signup and view all the answers

_____ _______ beloved there was a fluid in blood that was magnetic and believed they could redirect fluid in body to cure disease

<p>Franz Mesmer</p> Signup and view all the answers

used the idea of psychoanalysis which is a psychological approach that attempts to explain how new behaviours and personality can be influenced by unconscious process. done by hypnosis which allowed access to the unconscious mind, and believed that the unconscious mind guided behaviour

<p>Sigmund Freud</p> Signup and view all the answers

instinct part of unconscious mind telling you to act on your desires

<p>id</p> Signup and view all the answers

morality + critical thinking telling you to do the right thing and follow rules

<p>super ego</p> Signup and view all the answers

organized sort that mediates between the desires of id and super ego and decides where to go either with the urges of the id or the superego

<p>ego</p> Signup and view all the answers

which of the following are criticisms of freud

<p>all of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

which are not contributions of freud

<p>early child influences have no affect on influence of adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

who influenced psychology through economics, sociology, and anthropology, while also investigating nature vs nurture relationship looking at how heredity and environment influenced behaviour and mental processes. believing that heredity explained psychological differences

<p>Sir Frances Galton</p> Signup and view all the answers

combination of ability, morality and achievement resulting in good genes

<p>eminence</p> Signup and view all the answers

which of the following are not contributions of Galton

<p>believed nature was more important than nurture</p> Signup and view all the answers

had the first lab dedicated to studying human behaviour, used the process of introspection and structuralism

<p>Wilhelm Wundt</p> Signup and view all the answers

the process of looking within to describe psychological experience

<p>introspection</p> Signup and view all the answers

analyzing copious experience by breaking it down into basic elements and understanding how elements work together

<p>structuralism</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ ______ adapted the method of introspection, even with criticism growing, using mental experiences composed of elements and different combinations that are responsible for a more complex experience

<p>Edward Titchner</p> Signup and view all the answers

_____ ____, branched off of structuralism, influenced by Darwins evolutionary principles. proposed the idea of functionalism to explain why we behave as we do and how we function in the world

<p>William James</p> Signup and view all the answers

the study of purpose and function of behaviour with the conscious experience

<p>functionalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

____ ______, discovered conditioned reflexes, had a mechanism that would ring a bell to signify it starting, as ringing continued people had been conditioned to react even if it didn't ring, reflex

<p>Edwin Twitmyer</p> Signup and view all the answers

___ ______ trained dogs to salivate in response to membrane, came up with the concept classical conditioning

<p>Ivan Pavlov</p> Signup and view all the answers

learning process that occurs when two stimulus are repeatably paired

<p>classical Conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

study of behaviour with little to no reference to mental events or instils as possible influences on behaviour

<p>behaviourism</p> Signup and view all the answers

_ _ _______ responsible for rise of behaviourism, believed all behaviour could be explained by conditioning, thought nurture was important. revolutionized the principles of marketing

<p>John b Watson</p> Signup and view all the answers

_ _ ______ believed that fundamental rules of learning were shared among all animals, used the theory of operant conditioning, which left little room for free will

<p>B.F. Skinner</p> Signup and view all the answers

focuses on unique aspects of each individual human, their freedom to act, rational thoughts, or beliefs

<p>Humanistic Psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow Focused on....

<p>all of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

tried to locate where in the brain memories were stored, used the concepts of nonlocalizaton and principle of mass action, showing memories aren't stored in one part of the brain but distributed

<p>Karl Lashely</p> Signup and view all the answers

exact location of damage isn't important

<p>non localization</p> Signup and view all the answers

size of damage corresponds with impairment

<p>principle of mass action</p> Signup and view all the answers

________ came up with hebbs law where as 2 brain cells communicate electronically they become more active together and over time grow a stronger connection, making it more likely in the future they will fire together, creating a network

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_____ ________ studied those with epilepsy, mapped sensory and motor cortices, idea that we can study mental processes by the Brain its self

<p>Wilder Penfield</p> Signup and view all the answers

came up with the idea of forgetting curves, what we experienced might be forgotten right after but over time we get memory back on experience

<p>Herman Ebbinghaus</p> Signup and view all the answers

____ _______ belied memory was an interpretive process, it can be influenced, we can add on own ideas and stories to fit ways of life. people will tend to forget details but understand the overall

<p>Fredrick Bartlett</p> Signup and view all the answers

an emphasis on needing to focus on the whole of perception and experience, not just parts

<p>Gestalt Psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

modern day perspective that focuses on mental processes, such as memory, thinking and language

<p>cognitive psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

mingling of cognitive psychology with behaviourist and sociologists, occurred after WW2.

<p>both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

known as the founder of modern day psychology, believed behaviour is a function of individual and environmental experience, coming to balance nature and nurture because we need both

<p>kurt Lewin</p> Signup and view all the answers

the measure of an entity or behaviour that within a allowed margin of error, is consistent across instruments and observers

<p>objectivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

varibel

<p>the object being measured</p> Signup and view all the answers

statement that describes the procedures and/ or specific measures that are used to record observations

<p>operational definitions</p> Signup and view all the answers

reliability

<p>reliability = when the measurement provides consistent and stable answers across multiple observations and points in time test retest = coming to the same conclusion alternate forms = can be bias if taking test again, which may compromise results inter rater = multiple observations should come to the same conclusion using same measurement of argument</p> Signup and view all the answers

the degree to which a instrument or procedure actually measures what they claim to be measuring

<p>validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

the degree to which on set of results can be applied to other situations, individuals or events

<p>generalizability</p> Signup and view all the answers

every person in a population has the same chance of being chosen

<p>random sample</p> Signup and view all the answers

sampling individuals that are most readily available

<p>convince sample</p> Signup and view all the answers

the degree to which laboratory study results can be applied to or repeated in the natural environment

<p>ecological validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

describe situations in which behaviour changes as a result of being observed

<p>hawthorn effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

inadvertent cues given off by experimenter or the experimental context that provides info and how participants are expected to behave

<p>demand characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

Clever Hans Effect horse that could do math, isolated the horse and questioner from spectator, used people other than experimenter to ask questions, tested the horse with blinders, response varied on whether the investigator knew the question in advance, as the audience cheered it gave the horse ______ __________

<p>demand characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

when participants respond in ways that increase their chances in being viewed favourably ,which can be minimized through anonymous questioning

<p>social desirability responding</p> Signup and view all the answers

when researchers expectations influence subject behaviour

<p>observer expectancy effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

measurable and experienced improvement in health or behaviour that cannot be attributed to medication or treatment

<p>placebo affect</p> Signup and view all the answers

reducing bias

<p>anonymity = individuals responses are reordered without name or personal info that could link them to results confidentiality = results only seen by researcher inform participants = telling them how data and results will be used single blind = participants don't know true purpose of the study or don't know type of treatment they will or have received</p> Signup and view all the answers

neither the participant or experimenter know the exact treatment for an individual

<p>double blind study</p> Signup and view all the answers

sharing of results

<p>peer review = when peers review papers submitted for scholars journals and react to them critically replication = process of repeating a study and finding a similar outcome each time replication crisis = change of results weakforms of evidence = unscientific messages</p> Signup and view all the answers

an individuals story or testimony about an observation or event, used to make claim or evidence

<p>anecdotal evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

the belief in an experts claim even when no scientific or supporting details are presented

<p>appeal to authority</p> Signup and view all the answers

tradition or novelty

<p>appeal to common sense</p> Signup and view all the answers

research methods

<p>case studies = in depth reports about the details go specific cases, where it is difficult to generalize treatments and conclusions because they may be applicable to some and not all naturalistic observations = psychologists unobstructively observe and record behaviours in subjects natural environment as it occurs surveys/questionares = participant makes the observations ignore = ignore</p> Signup and view all the answers

phineas gage; durastic personality changes once iron rod went straight the the head through the orbital part of the brain, ended up getting some vision back but overtime personality changed from once a nice kind person, to a rude and stubborn one , this showed how frontal Lobes affect personality. this was an example of a .....

<p>case study</p> Signup and view all the answers

Jane good as, studied naturally occurring chimps in the jungle, observed their use of tool and branches to poke food sources. this is an example of a ........

<p>naturalistic observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

measuring the degree of association between two variables

<p>correlational research</p> Signup and view all the answers

correlations have

<p>direction = positive or negative magnitude = correlational coefficient variable problems = does variable &quot;a&quot; cause variable &quot;b&quot; to change or is there a third that causes change ignore = ignore</p> Signup and view all the answers

finding a correlation when not looking for one, but data lines up with no actual causal correlation

<p>illusory correlation, relations ships that only exist in the mind rather them in reality</p> Signup and view all the answers

which is not an example of illusory correlation

<p>higher chance of cancer for smokers</p> Signup and view all the answers

experimental research: able to infer causation

<p>random assignment = technique for dividing samples into 2 or more groups experimenter control = variables are manipulated experimental group = receives special treatment in regards to independent variable ignore = ignore</p> Signup and view all the answers

independent variable

<p>the variable that causes change</p> Signup and view all the answers

dependent variable

<p>the variable that changes in response to the independent variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

variables outside the researchers control, that may effect results

<p>confounding variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

experimental research

<p>between subjects design = subjects In different groups are compared within subjects design = all subjects respond to all types of stimuli or experience experimental conditions quasi experiment = research techniques where 2 or more groups are compared are selected based on predetermined characteristics, rather than random assignment ignore = ignore</p> Signup and view all the answers

the Tuskegee syphilis study which took 400 men and identified they has the pre symptoms of syphlils didn't tell thedjust said they had 'bad blood', targeted them based on poor communities, and made false promises and withheld informations and the treatment of syphlisis, is an example of .....

<p>ethical issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

a committee of people who determine are charged with the protection of human reaserch participants and weight the risks and the benefits of a particular study

<p>research ethics board</p> Signup and view all the answers

the process of which a potential volunteer must be informed of the purpose of the task and risks involved in the study, must give consent based on information provides

<p>informed consent</p> Signup and view all the answers

misleading or partially informing participants of the true topic or hypothesis under investigation

<p>deception</p> Signup and view all the answers

to give full consent you can....

<p>all of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

the researchers explain the true nature of the study and especially the reasons for deception

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basic stats

<p>descriptive stats = used to organize , summarize and interpret data frequency = the number of observations that fall within a certain category or range of scores central tendency = measure of the central point of distribution variability = the degree to which stats are dispersed in a distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

stats

<p>mean = average median = middle most point mode = most frequent number in the observation standard deviation = the measure of variability around the mean</p> Signup and view all the answers

a statistical method of evaluating whether the differences among groups are meaningful, or could have been arrived at by chance

<p>hypothesis testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

implies that the mean of groups are farther apart than you would expect them to be, by random chance alone

<p>statistical significance</p> Signup and view all the answers

structures in the cell nucleus that contain genes of individual inheritity

<p>chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

double helix model that contains four types of nucleotides

<p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

the basic unit of heredity: guide protein synthesis

<p>genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

phenotype

<p>the observable characteristics such as behaviour and physical structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

genotype

<p>the genetic make up of an individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

fundamentals of genetic transmission

<p>homozygous = when genes at a particular location are the same heterozygous = when genes in a particular location are different dominate = will always be expressed recessive = only expressed if with the same</p> Signup and view all the answers

what is a gene

<p>a special stretch of DNA that codes for something</p> Signup and view all the answers

behavioural genetic : twin studies

<p>behavioural genetics = evaluate how genes and environment influence behaviour twin studides = monozygotic vs dizyogotic monozygotic = &quot;identical&quot; come from a single mass of cells that split into two, that share genetics dizygotic = &quot;fraternal&quot; two separate masses of cells, that develop sepertaly and have the same genetic make up as regular siblings</p> Signup and view all the answers

degree of similarity between pairs of individuals

<p>concordance rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

the degree to which genetics explain individual differences or variance in a behaviour or trait

<p>heredity</p> Signup and view all the answers

the study of DNA and the ways in which specific genes are related to a behaviour

<p>behavioural genomics</p> Signup and view all the answers

the change in frequency of genes occurring in a population over generations

<p>evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

human mate preferences do not show

<p>males and females have no preference for looks</p> Signup and view all the answers

structure of a neuron

<p>soma = main cell body dendrites/braches = allow one neuron to connect to another axon hilcok = base of the neuron axon = how the neuron moves</p> Signup and view all the answers

structures of a neuron

<p>myelin shealth = fatty connective tissue wrapped around axon that speeds up the electrical impulse axon terminal = the end of the neuron sensory = collected through the external environment motor = taking from and giving to body parts cause response</p> Signup and view all the answers

connect one neuron to another

<p>synaptic neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

the brains ability to change structure and function

<p>neuroplasity</p> Signup and view all the answers

formation of new neurons integrated into the adult brains

<p>adult neurogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Daniel kish uses echolocation to get around this is an example of

<p>adult neurogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

brain cells

<p>Gail cells = variety of cell types that serve to support functions for neurone micro Gail = engulf debris and mount immune response astrocytes = provide physical support and deliver energy to neuron's ignore = ignore</p> Signup and view all the answers

inside the neuron communications

<p>concentration gradient = ions naturally diffusing from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration electrostatic pressure = repulse like charges, attract opposite charges ignore 1 = ignore 1 ignore 2 = ignore 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

action potential

<p>resting potential = cell is polarized and ready to transmit signal action potential = a wave of electrical activity that originates at the base of the axon and rapidly travels down the length, occurs when it exceeds 55mV firing threshold and the cell is now depolarized resting potential = a brief period during which a neuron cannot fire again ignore = ignore</p> Signup and view all the answers

what isn't true about action potential

<p>neuron's fire differently each time</p> Signup and view all the answers

the small space between the terminal and and the dendrite of another, where action potential can cause this where packs of neurotransmitters will migrate and fuse with the terminal button, causing it to be dumped into the synaptic cleft of another

<p>synaptic cleft</p> Signup and view all the answers

process where new neurotransmitters are released and reabsorbed into the axon terminal of the pre synaptic neuron example are SSRI's which prevent this process and cause a build up and generate more serotonin

<p>reuptake</p> Signup and view all the answers

types of neurotransmitter

<p>Glutamate = excites nervous systems memory and atomic nervous systems reaction GABA = inhibits brain activity and lowers arousal, anxiety, and facilitates sleep acytocholine = movement and attention dopamine = controls movement and reward seeking behaviour and cognition, and attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

neurotransmitters

<p>norepinephrine = memory, attention to new or important stimuli, regulation of sleep and mood seratonin = regulates sleep, appetite and mood ignore 1 = ignore 1 ignore 2 = ignore 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

neurotransmitters

<p>inhibitory nerurotransmitters = decrease likelihood of an action potential occurring excitatory neurotransmitters = increase likely hood of action potential occurring ignore 1 = ignore1 ignore 2 = ignore 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

drug effects

<p>agnostic = drugs that enhance or mimic the effects of a neurotransmitter antagonistic = drugs that inhibit an neurotransmitters activity by blocking receptors or preventing stimuli ignore 1 = ignore 1 ignore2 = ignore 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

cental nervous system

<p>brain = intercepts and stores information and communicates with muscles, glands and organs spinal cord = pathway connecting brain and peripheral nervous system ignore 1 = ignore 1 ignore 2 = ignore 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

peripheral nervous system

<p>autonomic = regulates activity of organs , glands and other psychological processes somatic = transmit sensory info and control movement of skeletal muscles sympathetic = prepares body to react and expand energy in times of stress parasympathetic = maintains body functions, conserves resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

hind brain

<p>medualla = controls basic living functions pons = general levels of wakeful ness and arousal reticular = general levels of wakeful ness and arousal as well as bridge between hind brain and rest of brain, responsible for sleep paralysis cerebellum = coiridination and reinforcement of movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

mid brain

<p>tectum = superior colliculus, orients visual attention and inferior colliculus, orients auditory attention substana nigra = connected with fore brain and plays roll in producing voluntary move meant ignore 1 = ignore 1 ignore 2 = ignore 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

forebrain

<p>ventricle = contain cerebralspinal fluid, remove waste products and supplies nutrients and hormones, cushions the brain and spine basal ganglia = involved in facilitating planned movement and skill learning nucleus accumbent = integrates sensory and movement info with brains reward system ignore = ignore</p> Signup and view all the answers

limbic system:emotion and memory

<p>amyglada = processes emotional response and stimuli the fear centre of the brain hippocampus = critical for learning and the formation of new memories thalamus = relays sensory info to different parts of the brain ignore = ignore</p> Signup and view all the answers

endocrine system: hormones in the brain and body

<p>hypothalamus = regulates basic bodily needs and motivation pituitary gland = master gland, releases hormones hormones = chemical secreted form glands of endocrine system 1 = 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

cerebral cortex

<p>grey matter = made up of cell bodies and dendrites white matter = made up of myelinated axons that interconnect different structures of the brain 1 = 1 2 = 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

localization vs circuits

<p>localization = specific function located in a specific area circuits = specific function controlled by interconnected areas 1 = 1 2 = 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

lobes of cerebral cortex

<p>occipital = located at rear, where visual information is processed temporal = located at sides near ears, auditory and aspects of vision, object and facial frontla = at front associated with higher order, planning impulse, motor and language 1 = 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

frontal lobes

<p>primary motor cortex = control of voluntary movement somatosensory = processes touch sensations for various body parts 1 = 1 2 = 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

densely concentrated bundle of nerve cells connecting the two hemispheres

<p>corpus colosseum</p> Signup and view all the answers

when one hemisphere is dominate for specializes in processing certain types of information

<p>lateralization of function</p> Signup and view all the answers

cutting the brain into two halves, the left and the right with the hope of preventing epileptic episodes

<p>split brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

studying structure and function in the brain

<p>structural static neuroimaging = taking a photo and seeing what the brain looks like computerized tomography = waves passed through brain at different angles, creating different images magnetic resource imaging = measuring the magnetic properties of the brain diffusion tensor imaging = visuals the white matter tracts, myelin, looks at functioning of neural abnormalities in neural pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

change in surface level activity in the brain during cognitive involvement

<p>event related potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

functional dynamic imaging

<p>position emersion tech = give radioactive glucose which is taken up by neural tissues that are active during metal taks functional magnetic imaging = measures brain activity by detecting influx of oxygenated blood into neural areas that we just active 1 = 1 2 = 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

Brian stimulation by wilder penfield manipulating something directly and allowing it to affect correlation and causation. use of electoral current to induce certain behavioural response

<p>wilder penfield</p> Signup and view all the answers

lesiining tech

<p>cryogenic blockade = injecting a fluid and freezing then thawing to see if change had occurred surgical cuts = making small cuts by inserting blades and severing connections chance causes of brain injury = damage to part of brain and loosing function of that part transcranial magnetic stimulation = melanic pulse vtmeportaly interrupting Brain activity, which allows for experiemter control, safe and can be done in the same day and still drive home</p> Signup and view all the answers

the process of detecting external events by the sense organs

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the process in which physical or chemical stimulation is converted into a neural impulse that is relayed into the brain

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attending to, organizing and interpreting stimuli that we sense

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the minimum amount of energy or quantity of a stimulus required for it to de reliably detected at least 50% of the time it is detected

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smallest difference 2 stimuli that a subject can detect, 'just noticeable difference'

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how we estimate change, Gustave fetcher came up with the equation K=DL/S , with the idea that the smaller the function the more sensitive a person is to a change in intensity, leaving some senses to be more sensitive than others

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how we make decisions under conditions of uncertainty

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hit- detecting the stimulus when it is present

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not detecting stimulus when it is absent

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miss- failing to detect the stimuli when it is present

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detecting a stimulus when it is absent

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presented below conscious threshold, detected with no conscious awareness

<p>subliminal stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

which are not affects of subliminal stimuli

<p>can create new motivation and can activate existing</p> Signup and view all the answers

explains how we organize sensory information into groups

<p>gestalt principles</p> Signup and view all the answers

the process by which elements are organized to form perceivable objects

<p>perceptual organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

gestalt psychologist came up with many ways to achieve perceptual organization

<p>figure and ground = objects and figures in out environment that tend to stand out against a background continuity = objects partially covered by other objects are seen as continuous behind other objects proximity = perceiving close objects as grouped together meaning they have ______ similarity = objects that have similar shape, size, colour etc are grouped together and form a larger object</p> Signup and view all the answers

the brains tendency to fill in gaps, creating a more meaningful experience

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the use of previous knowledge, experiences and expectations to guide what is perceived

<p>top down processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

constructing a whole stimulus or concept from bits of raw sensory information

<p>bottom up process</p> Signup and view all the answers

the gate way to experience, if we don't pay _________ to something it cannot enter into our gateway of experience

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selective attention

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paying attention to several stimuli/tasks at once

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when doing something unfamiliar or new we have to use___________

<p>selective attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

a failure to notice clearly visible events or objects because the attention is divided else where

<p>inattention blindness</p> Signup and view all the answers

height of waves of light

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distance between waves of light

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white outer part of the eye

<p>sclera</p> Signup and view all the answers

clear layer that covers the eye

<p>cornea</p> Signup and view all the answers

regulates the amount of light the eye lets in

<p>pupil</p> Signup and view all the answers

round muscle that controls the size of the pupil

<p>iris</p> Signup and view all the answers

clear structure that focuses light in the eye

<p>lense</p> Signup and view all the answers

pick the correct order in which light hit the eye a=pupil, b=cornea, c=lense, d=iris

<p>b, a, d, c</p> Signup and view all the answers

when the focus point falls short of the retina, where the lens or cornea bends light too much for too long, will be able to see up close but not far away

<p>myopia</p> Signup and view all the answers

when the cornea or lens fails to bend light enough, where the focus falls short of the retina, allowing people to see in the distance, but not up close

<p>hyperopia</p> Signup and view all the answers

cells of the retina

<p>retina = contains light detecting cells, where the cornea and lenses will reflect light cones = concentration on fovea to produce high detail colour bison at out point of focus rods = outer region of the retina provides peripheral vision and are specialized for low light dark adaptation = the process where rods and cone gain sensitivity to low light levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

from light to nerve

<p>bipolar neurons = synapse to receptors ganglion cells = transmit signals from neurons to the brain optic nerve = axon tracts from ganglion cells to the brain ignore = ignore</p> Signup and view all the answers

from light to nerve steps

<p>1 l = light goes in, photoreceptors organize in the back of the eye, then passes through the rods and cones moving through transduction and taking external energy and converting into light which is sent to bipolar neurons 2 = after passing through the bipolar neurons, moves to the ganglion cell then to the optic nerve 3 = as neurons gather in the optic nerve it creates a gape or blindspot ignore = ignote</p> Signup and view all the answers

colour perception, through colour vision that is determined by 3 cone types that are sensitive to either short, long or medium wave lengths, combining these 3 cone types generate a unique structure associated with each perceived colour

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only have one cone type

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why is collar deficiency more common in males

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mono vs di vs tri vs tetra

<p>mono = only have one cone type, see in black/white/grey, ex seals di = only have two cone types ex. dogs/horses tri = have three cone types ex.humans tetra = have four cone types, can see in ultra violet ex.birds</p> Signup and view all the answers

inhibitory interneurons that contrast between photoreceptors

<p>horizontal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

crossover point for optic nerves at mid point of the brain, where light is flipped and then sent to the thalamus which will direct it where to go

<p>optic chiasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

the region of the thalamus that redirects visual information throughout the brain

<p>lateral geniculate nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

makes up the raw visual pictures that make up what we are looking at

<p>primary visual cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

neurons that respond selectively based on scientific aspects of the stimulus and specific regions of the visual field

<p>feature detection cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

to get an image we need to look at a particular screen

<p>ventral streams; face processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

extends from the visual cortex to the temporal lobe, used to identify objects and faces

<p>ventral stream</p> Signup and view all the answers

pareidolia

<p>seeing a face where there isn't one</p> Signup and view all the answers

prosopagnosia

<p>cannot perceive or recognize face as a whole, have to go feature by feature</p> Signup and view all the answers

holistic face process

<p>looking at faces as a whole</p> Signup and view all the answers

the ability to perceive objects as having constant shape, size and colour despite change sin perspective, where the Brian factors in depth cues

<p>perceptual consistency</p> Signup and view all the answers

relies on depth cues to make perceptual connections to retinal image, where objects need to be larger ignorer to trick the brain

<p>size consistency</p> Signup and view all the answers

which is not a process of colour and light constancy

<p>understanding that fundamental objects will change physically or perspectively based on light and how we view them</p> Signup and view all the answers

which is not apart of lightness consistency

<p>when objects are casted in light differently it does change their colour</p> Signup and view all the answers

where and how, extending form the visual cortex to the partial lobe

<p>dorsal stream</p> Signup and view all the answers

the ability to position ourselves from two binocular cues

<p>depth perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

depth perception in the Doral stream

<p>binocular cues = distance cues that are based on the differing perspective of Both eyes convergence = occurs when the eye muscles contract so that both eyes focus on a single object rental disparity = the difference in perspective provided by each eye stereopsis = sense of depth</p> Signup and view all the answers

strabismus

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depth perception

<p>monocular depth cues = depth cues that we can perceive with only one eye accomidation = curving of lens to focus on near by things motion parallax = used when surroundings are in motion ignore = ignore</p> Signup and view all the answers

sound

<p>pitch = perceptual experience of sound wave frequencies loudness = perceptual experience of amplitude frequency = how many waves occur in a second ignore = ignore</p> Signup and view all the answers

souniddetection outer ear

<p>pinna = collects sounds, acting as a funnel auditory canal = amplifies frequencies between 1000-5000HZ 1 = 1 2 = 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

middle ear

<p>1 = vibrations meet the tympanic membrane, where they get amplified by ossicle 2 = hit the stapes which will amplify the signal 3 = ossicles will change air into waves 4 = hit the fluid within the inner ear, creating waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

the are along the basilar membrane that gets stimulated corresponding with frequency

<p>place theory of the inner ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

diffrent frequencies respond with different sounds

<p>tonotopic map</p> Signup and view all the answers

as waves are generated they hit tiny hair cells called

<p>cilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

tiny electrons placed in the choclea, attached to a battery and microphone hat amplify sounds form the outside world

<p>cochlear inplant</p> Signup and view all the answers

when hair cells fire synchronously with a rising pressure, and phase as sound stimulus

<p>inner ear frequency theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

the summed activity of cells that can provide a more accurate reparation of frequency, this theory helps single nerouns to fire before 1000 HZ

<p>volley principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

parts of the ear

<p>auditory path ways = where signals collect cochlear nucleus = cross over of auditory signals to other hemisphere medial geniculate nucleus = structure within the thalamus responsible for routing auditory transmissions primary auditory cortex = organized similar to cochlea , breaks down frequency that have been exposed and organize along a tonotopic map</p> Signup and view all the answers

the process of identifying where sounds are coming from, done through interaural time differences (the slight difference between two ears) and sound shadows (intensity of sound fading further as it travels)

<p>sound localization</p> Signup and view all the answers

why does the outer ear have a weird design

<p>because the folds of the pinna affect frequencies, that depend on the elevation of sound</p> Signup and view all the answers

combing sensations from different modalities into a single integrated perception

<p>multi modal integration</p> Signup and view all the answers

somatosensory system

<p>epidermis = the outer layer of skin that acts as a protective barrier durmas = the inner layer composed of free end neurons, that allow for touch mechanoreceptors = detect pressure and touch nociceptors = detect pain and extreme temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

ability to decree between 2 different points of pressure, where the sensitivity corresponds with areas of greater neural representation in the somatosensory cortex

<p>touch sensitivity; acuity</p> Signup and view all the answers

the perception of objects

<p>tactile acuity</p> Signup and view all the answers

exploring through sense of touch

<p>haptics</p> Signup and view all the answers

active vs passive touch

<p>moving the object around and exploring</p> Signup and view all the answers

tactile agnosia

<p>not allowed to explore or move abject around</p> Signup and view all the answers

which is an example of sensory integration

<p>rubber hand illusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

visual information that influences the sense of touch

<p>sensory integration</p> Signup and view all the answers

proprioception vs kinisthesis

<p>proprioception = sense of bodily position kinisthesis = sense of body motion neural prosthetics = feeling through machines ignore = ignore</p> Signup and view all the answers

how do neural prosthetics work?

<p>though a surgery of targeted sensory innovation that allows a amputee to use there prosthetic like a normal limb, interpreting signals form the brain to limb</p> Signup and view all the answers

pain perception

<p>nociception = sense of pain singled by special nocirecptors fast fibers = registar sharp and immediate pain slow fibers = registers chronic dull pain ignore = ignore</p> Signup and view all the answers

direct pathway model of pain

<p>traditional pain = nocirecptors are stimulated and send a signal to the brain, making it straight forward and purely psychological gate control theory = explains experience of pain as an interaction between nerves that transmit pain messages and inhibit those messages 1 = 1 2 = 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

what did the traditional theory of the direct pathway model fail to account for

<p>all of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

top down influences on pain say that

<p>both a and c</p> Signup and view all the answers

what influence does empathy have on pain

<p>if one has empathy for someone experiencing pain it could result In a shared experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

gustary system :taste recpetors

<p>found on the young as small bumps that can detect sweet, salty, bitter, sour and umami tastes</p> Signup and view all the answers

where projections go in taste

<p>gustatory cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

people who have many more taste buds and tend to be more sensitive to certain tastes

<p>supertasters</p> Signup and view all the answers

thin layer of cells that are lined by sensory receptors called cilia

<p>olfactory epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

receptor that transmit signal to the olfactory build via the olfactory tract

<p>cila</p> Signup and view all the answers

chemotropic organization

<p>olfactory build = organized by clusters according to chemical type and structure ability to understand smell = depends on reference point of smell 1 = 1 2 = 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

olfactory system

<p>animals = macro somatic have a strong sense of smell necessary for survival humans = micro somatic have a weaker sense of smell, not necessary for survival 1 = 1 2 = 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

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