Xylem Structure and Function

Monocots

Collenchyma tissue

Water and dissolved substances

Bushy fibrous roots

Photosynthesis and food storage

Parenchyma cells

Dicots

Tracheids and vessel elements

Transporting dissolved sugars and organic molecules throughout the plant

Mesophyll cells

Through roots and transport it to the leaves via the xylem

The epidermis

Large permanent vacuoles and chloroplasts

They are typically surrounded by a cell wall

Fibres of cellulose

Linking cells to neighboring cells

Regulating osmotic properties of cells

In the green parts, mainly in the leaves

Pigments, enzymes, sugars, and waste products

Controlling exchange between the vacuole and cytoplasm

Chlorophyll, the green pigment which absorbs light during photosynthesis

By means of plasmodesmata containing fine strands of cytoplasm

Lignin

Anchoring the plant, absorbing water and minerals, transporting nutrients, storing sugars, producing hormones, interacting with soil fungi and bacteria

Stems, leaves, buds, flowers, fruits

Photosynthesis

Buds are embryonic shoots that may produce branches or flowers.

Supporting buds, leaves and (in season) flowers and fruits

Capture sunlight energy and photosynthesis transport materials synthesize sugars transport materials to and from various parts of the plant store surplus sugars and starches reproduce produce hormones.

Anchor the plant in the ground absorb water and minerals from soil transport water minerals sugars hormones to and from shoot store sugars starches produce hormones interact with soil fungi bacteria that help acquire nutrients.

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Xylem transports water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant, while phloem transports dissolved sugars and organic molecules throughout the plant.

Both tracheids and vessel elements develop thick, dead cell walls and contain pits for water transport in the xylem. They are responsible for conducting water and minerals throughout the plant.

Leaves are the primary photosynthetic structures of most plants, where photosynthesis occurs to produce sugar using sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide.

Plants absorb water from the soil through their roots and transport it to the leaves via the xylem for photosynthesis and other metabolic processes.

Plant cells possess a cell wall, large permanent vacuoles, and chloroplasts, and they are typically larger and more easily seen due to their cell walls.

The xylem and phloem in leaves are arranged in vascular bundles, which facilitate the transport of water, nutrients, and sugars throughout the plant.

The epidermis of a leaf regulates the movement of gases and water vapor through stomata, controlling the exchange of gases and water with the environment.

Monocots and dicots

Grasses, lilies, daffodils, tulips, palm trees, wheat, rice, corn, oats, bamboo

Deciduous trees, bushes, vegetables, cacti, many flowers

Thin, long leaves and bushy fibrous roots

Broad leaves and thick taproots

Performing photosynthesis, food storage, and secretion of hormones

Storing nutrients and providing support to young and non-woody plants

anchor the plant in the ground, absorb water and minerals from the soil, transport water, minerals, sugars, and hormones to and from the shoot, store sugars and starches, produce hormones, interact with soil fungi and bacteria that help the plant acquire nutrients

capture sunlight energy and perform photosynthesis, transport materials, synthesize sugars, store surplus sugars and starches, reproduce and produce hormones

stems, which bear buds, leaves, and (in season) flowers and fruits

Leaves

Regulate the flow of water and store various compounds

Leaves

Support, transport materials, and bear buds, leaves, and (in season) flowers and fruits

The cell wall gives the cell a definite shape and prevents it from bursting when water enters by osmosis.

Plasmodesmata are pores containing fine strands of cytoplasm that link plant cells to neighboring cells, allowing movement of substances between cells.

The fluid in the vacuole is a solution of pigments, enzymes, sugars, waste products, mineral salts, oxygen, and carbon dioxide.

Chloroplasts are mainly found in the green parts of the plant, primarily in the leaves.

The tonoplast controls the exchange of substances between the vacuole and the cytoplasm.

Vacuoles help to regulate the osmotic properties of cells and have a wide range of other functions, including storage and maintaining turgor pressure.

Chloroplasts are organelles specialized for the process of photosynthesis, where they absorb light and convert it into chemical energy.

Plant cells are linked to neighboring cells by means of plasmodesmata, which are pores containing fine strands of cytoplasm.

The cell wall is reinforced with fibres of cellulose, and it may also be reinforced with lignin for extra strength.

bamboo

xylem

xylem

dermal

ground

phloem

vascular

leaves

xylem

plant

hormones

epidermis

ground

plant cells

lignin

carbon

functions

photosynthesis

grana

wall

leaves

photosynthesis

shoot

transport

fruits

starches

shoot

fruits

Parenchyma tissue = Comprised of living cells with thin walls that perform a variety of functions, including photosynthesis, food storage, and secretion of hormones Collenchyma tissue = Composed of living cells with thickened, flexible cell walls that store nutrients and provide support to young and non-woody plants Sclerenchyma tissue = Made up of dead cells with thickened cell walls that support and strengthen the plant body Dermal tissue system = Covers and protects the entire plant body

Monocots = Grasses, lilies, daffodils, tulips, palm trees Dicots = Deciduous trees, bushes, vegetables, cacti

Monocot roots = Thin, long leaves and bushy fibrous roots Dicot roots = Broad leaves and thick taproots

Ground tissue system = Makes up most of a young plant's body Vascular tissue system = Conducts water and dissolved substances throughout the plant body

Xylem = Transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant Phloem = Transports sugars and other organic compounds from the leaves to other parts of the plant

Stems = Bear buds, leaves, and (in season) flowers Roots = Anchor the plant in the ground and absorb water and minerals from the soil

Parenchyma tissue functions = Perform a variety of functions including photosynthesis, food storage, and secretion of hormones Collenchyma tissue functions = Store nutrients and provide support to young and non-woody plants

Cell wall = Gives the cell a definite shape Plasmodesmata = Links plant cells to neighboring cells Vacuoles = Regulate the osmotic properties of cells and contain various substances Chloroplasts = Specialised for the process of photosynthesis

Cell wall = Contains fibres of cellulose and may be reinforced with lignin for extra strength Plasmodesmata = Contain fine strands of cytoplasm and are lined with the cell surface membrane Vacuoles = Surrounded by a single membrane and contain a solution of pigments, enzymes, sugars, and other organic compounds Chloroplasts = Found mainly in the green parts of the plant and contain chlorophyll for absorbing light during photosynthesis

Cell wall = Prevents the cell from bursting when water enters by osmosis Plasmodesmata = Allow free movement of molecules and ions through to the cell surface membrane Vacuoles = Help regulate the flow of water in and out of cells as well as perform a wide range of other functions Chloroplasts = Responsible for conducting photosynthesis in plant cells

Cell wall = Contains fibres of cellulose, a polysaccharide which strengthens the wall Plasmodesmata = Contain fine strands of cytoplasm Vacuoles = Filled with a solution of pigments, enzymes, sugars, organic compounds, mineral salts, oxygen, and carbon dioxide Chloroplasts = Contain chlorophyll, the green pigment that absorbs light during photosynthesis

Cell wall = Relatively rigid and freely permeable, may be reinforced with extra cellulose or lignin for strength Plasmodesmata = Freely permeable, allowing movement of molecules and ions through to the cell surface membrane Vacuoles = Regulate osmotic properties of cells and are surrounded by a single membrane Chloroplasts = Easily visible under a light microscope due to their relatively large size

Roots = Absorb water and minerals from the soil Leaves = Capture sunlight energy and photosynthesis Stems = Transport materials to and from various parts of the plant Buds = Produce hormones and reproduce

Anchoring the plant in the ground = Roots are embedded in soil to provide stability for the plant Interacting with soil fungi and bacteria = Roots form symbiotic relationships to acquire nutrients Storing sugars and starches = Roots store excess nutrients for future use by the plant Producing hormones = Roots generate chemical signals to regulate plant growth and development

Capturing sunlight energy and photosynthesis = Shoot system uses light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars Transporting materials to and from various parts of the plant = Shoot system moves nutrients and other essential compounds throughout the plant Storing surplus sugars and starches = Excess sugars produced during photosynthesis are stored for later use Reproducing = Shoot system produces flowers and fruits for plant reproduction

Stems = Support structures that bear leaves, buds, flowers, and fruits Buds = Embryonic shoots that may produce branches, flowers, or additional growth Leaves = Principal sites of photosynthesis in most plants Flowers = Structures involved in plant reproduction

Capture sunlight energy and photosynthesis = Leaves use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars Transport materials to and from various parts of the plant = Leaves move nutrients and other essential compounds throughout the plant Store surplus sugars and starches = Excess sugars produced during photosynthesis are stored in leaves for later use Reproduce = Leaves are not directly involved in plant reproduction

Embryonic shoot = Buds are underdeveloped shoots that have the potential to grow into branches, flowers, or new growth Produce hormones = Buds generate chemical signals to regulate plant growth and development Store sugars and starches = Buds do not serve as storage organs for excess nutrients Interact with soil fungi and bacteria = Buds do not form symbiotic relationships to acquire nutrients

Stems = Support structures that bear leaves, buds, flowers, and (in season) flowers and fruits Buds = Embryonic shoots that may produce branches, flowers, or additional growth at the top of an existing stem Leaves = Principal sites of photosynthesis in most plants Flowers = (in season) structures involved in plant reproduction

Xylem = Transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant Tracheids and vessel elements = Two types of conducting cells in xylem, develop thick, dead cell walls and contain pits for water transport Phloem = Transports dissolved sugars and other organic molecules throughout the plant Sieve-tube elements and companion cells = Found in phloem for transport and support

Mesophyll cells = Where photosynthesis occurs, utilizing sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce sugar Roots = Absorb water from the soil and transport it to the leaves via the xylem Leaves = Primary photosynthetic structures of most plants Epidermis of a leaf = Regulates the movement of gases and water vapor through stomata

Plant cells = Typically surrounded by a cell wall, making them more easily visible with a light microscope Animal cells = Have a centrosome (centriole) which is absent in plant cells

Xylem and phloem = Arranged in vascular bundles in leaves Vascular bundles = Contain xylem and phloem in leaves Xylem = Transports water from roots to leaves in leaves Phloem = Transports sugars throughout the plant in leaves

Xylem = Transports water and dissolved minerals from roots to other parts of the plant Phloem = Transports dissolved sugars and organic molecules throughout the plant Roots = Absorb water from soil and transport it to leaves via xylem Leaves = Primary photosynthetic structures of most plants

Tracheids and vessel elements = Develop thick, dead cell walls and contain pits for water transport Phloem sieve-tube elements and companion cells = Found in phloem for transport and support Mesophyll cells = Site of photosynthesis utilizing sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce sugar Epidermis of a leaf = Regulates movement of gases and water vapor through stomata

Plant cells = Typically surrounded by a cell wall, making them more easily visible with a light microscope Animal cells = Have a centrosome (centriole) which is absent in plant cells