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Questions and Answers
In the context of plant physiology, what role does lignin play within the xylem?
In the context of plant physiology, what role does lignin play within the xylem?
- Facilitating two-way flow of water and nutrients.
- Aiding in the transport of sugars from leaves to other parts of the plant.
- Providing structural support and preventing collapse under tension. (correct)
- Regulating the opening and closing of stomata.
The tensile strength of the water column within the xylem vessels is weaker than a steel thread of the same diameter.
The tensile strength of the water column within the xylem vessels is weaker than a steel thread of the same diameter.
False (B)
What critical adaptation do certain plants, such as sequoia and eucalyptus trees, possess that enables them to overcome the theoretical 10 meter limit for water transport via direct pumping, and how does this adaptation function?
What critical adaptation do certain plants, such as sequoia and eucalyptus trees, possess that enables them to overcome the theoretical 10 meter limit for water transport via direct pumping, and how does this adaptation function?
These plants have strong cohesion between water molecules in thin xylem tubes, and high tensile strength, allowing water to be pulled upwards over 100m.
Decrease in atmospheric ______ enhances evaporation and thus increases the rate of transpiration.
Decrease in atmospheric ______ enhances evaporation and thus increases the rate of transpiration.
Match the following terms with their correct descriptions:
Match the following terms with their correct descriptions:
What is the primary mechanism that drives the movement of water from the roots to the leaves in tall trees, according to the cohesion-tension theory?
What is the primary mechanism that drives the movement of water from the roots to the leaves in tall trees, according to the cohesion-tension theory?
Increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere favors the closing of stomata and thus decreases the rate of transpiration.
Increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere favors the closing of stomata and thus decreases the rate of transpiration.
Within the context of transpiration, explain how the process of guttation differs from typical water loss through stomata, and under what environmental conditions does guttation typically occur?
Within the context of transpiration, explain how the process of guttation differs from typical water loss through stomata, and under what environmental conditions does guttation typically occur?
The food prepared by the process of ______ in the leaves of a plant is transported to other parts through pholem.
The food prepared by the process of ______ in the leaves of a plant is transported to other parts through pholem.
Match each factor with its effect on the rate of transpiration:
Match each factor with its effect on the rate of transpiration:
Which of the following statements best describes the role of guard cells in regulating transpiration?
Which of the following statements best describes the role of guard cells in regulating transpiration?
Xylem cells transport water and nutrients via two-way flow.
Xylem cells transport water and nutrients via two-way flow.
Explain in detail how the arrangement of leaf cells, presence of hairs, cuticle, and hydrophilic substances affect transpiration rate.
Explain in detail how the arrangement of leaf cells, presence of hairs, cuticle, and hydrophilic substances affect transpiration rate.
The process of water loss from plants through stomata is known as ______.
The process of water loss from plants through stomata is known as ______.
Match the following plant adaptations to their corresponding effects on transpiration rate:
Match the following plant adaptations to their corresponding effects on transpiration rate:
How does water help cool plants?
How does water help cool plants?
Leaves with fewer stomata have a higher rate of transpiration.
Leaves with fewer stomata have a higher rate of transpiration.
How does water contribute to the structural support and rigidity of plant tissues at the cellular level, and what happens when plant cells lack sufficient water?
How does water contribute to the structural support and rigidity of plant tissues at the cellular level, and what happens when plant cells lack sufficient water?
The transport of food from leaves to other parts of a plant is called ______.
The transport of food from leaves to other parts of a plant is called ______.
Match the plant tissue to its appropriate function:
Match the plant tissue to its appropriate function:
The plant must replace the water because...
The plant must replace the water because...
The phloem is in the center of the vascular bundle while the xylem is on the outer edge.
The phloem is in the center of the vascular bundle while the xylem is on the outer edge.
Why does the surface area of the leaf affect the rate of transpiration?
Why does the surface area of the leaf affect the rate of transpiration?
Stomata open to allow carbon dioxide to enter a leaf and ______ to leave.
Stomata open to allow carbon dioxide to enter a leaf and ______ to leave.
Match each structure with its role:
Match each structure with its role:
Flashcards
What is Xylem?
What is Xylem?
Plant cells that transport water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves in one direction.
What is Phloem?
What is Phloem?
Plant cells that transport food (glucose) from the leaves to other parts of the plant in two directions.
What is a vascular bundle?
What is a vascular bundle?
The collective transport system of a plant, including both the xylem and phloem vessels.
What is Transpiration?
What is Transpiration?
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What are Stomata?
What are Stomata?
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What is the cohesion-tension theory?
What is the cohesion-tension theory?
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What is suction pull?
What is suction pull?
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When does the plant slow down Transpiration?
When does the plant slow down Transpiration?
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What is Relative Humidity?
What is Relative Humidity?
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What does Turgid mean?
What does Turgid mean?
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What does Flaccid mean?
What does Flaccid mean?
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Why do plants need water?
Why do plants need water?
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How does water transport nutrients?
How does water transport nutrients?
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Water for cooling
Water for cooling
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Water for photosynthesis
Water for photosynthesis
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Study Notes
Xylem and Phloem
- Xylem cells transport water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves in plants
- Phloem cells transport food from the leaves to the rest of the plant
- Xylem is located in the center of the plant
- Pholem is on the outer edge
- Together xylem and pholem are called vascular bundles
- Food is transported from the leaves to parts of the plant via pholem tubes
- Xylem relies on the plant receiving water from the roots
- As the plants receives sunlight, the water evaporates and escapes
- Water is replaced, and evaporation creates suction which helps water climb through the xylem
- Water passes from cell to cell to get where it needs to be
Transpiration
- Transpiration is the biological process where water is released as vapor through stomata in aerial parts
- Upward flow of sap is created by water evaporation (evapotranspiration)
- Most water evaporates through stomata, which is transpiration
- As water evaporates from leaves, it pulls water up, creating tension
- Cohesion between water molecules in xylem vessels allows water to travel in tall trees
- A column of water in xylem has the same tensile strength as steel
Stomata
- Evaporation of water creates suction
- Stomata are pores that release water
- Carbon dioxide enters and water/oxygen exit through the leaf's stomata
- Stomata opening/closing can prevent water loss
- Guard cells curve apart when turgid
- When flaccid, the edges of guard cells lie close together which drastically slows transpiration
- Slowing down transpiration also means carbon dioxide can't enter which stops photosynthesis
Factors Affecting Transpiration
- Compact leaf cell arrangement, hairs, cuticle, and hydrophilic substances reduce transpiration rates
- Plants with more leaves have higher transpiration rates
- Number of Stomata: Leaves with more stomata have a higher rate of transpiration
- Wider leaf surfaces will result in higher rates of transpiration
- Higher atmospheric temperature increases transpiration rate
- Decreased atmospheric pressure enhances evaporation, increasing transpiration
- Higher light intensity raises leaf cell temperature, increasing transpiration
- Higher atmospheric humidity decreases transpiration
- More wind increases transpiration
- Sufficient water in the soil allows stomata to stay open, increasing the rate
- Decreased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere favors open stomata, increasing transpiration
Investigating Transpiration
- You need two plants, some polythene bags, and a balance
- Ensure to check the moisture, add water, drain excess
- Take the first plant, cover the plant and pot with a bag, tie firmly
- Cover the pot and soil with a bag, avoid the leaves, and tie it tightly
Variables in experiments
- Changed variables are independent variables
- Keep similar variables constant
- Use comparative words to compare the plants, such as 'more' and 'faster'
Need for water:
- Plants need water for support to stand upright
- Water is needed to help transport mineral salts
- As water evaporates, it cools the cell
- As a reactant for photosynthesis for needed components
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