Transportation in plants

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Questions and Answers

How does root pressure primarily contribute to water transport in plants?

  • By actively transporting water molecules against a concentration gradient.
  • By regulating the opening and closing of stomata to control water loss.
  • By pushing water and minerals into the xylem of the roots, forming a water column. (correct)
  • By creating a negative pressure that pulls water up the xylem.

If a plant's root pressure is significantly reduced due to a fungal infection, which process would be MOST directly affected?

  • The photosynthetic activity in the mesophyll cells.
  • The initial movement of water and minerals into the root xylem. (correct)
  • The regulation of stomatal opening and closing.
  • The rate of transpiration through the leaves.

Which of the following BEST describes the role of guard cells in transpiration?

  • They directly pull water up from the roots to the leaves.
  • They control the size of stomatal openings, regulating water vapor release. (correct)
  • They facilitate the evaporation of water from the leaf surface.
  • They protect the xylem vessels from collapsing under negative pressure.

During the daytime, what is the primary driving force for water movement from the roots to the leaves in a tall tree?

<p>Transpiration pull from the leaves. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does transpiration contribute to the overall survival and function of a plant?

<p>By cooling the leaves and aiding in the transport of minerals throughout the plant. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism do plants primarily utilize to transmit information internally?

<p>Electro-chemical impulses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes 'growth-irrelevant movements' in plants from other types of movement?

<p>They are responses to external stimuli but do not cause growth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Venus flytrap captures insects using a mechanism that involves:

<p>A trap that mimics a flower to lure and digest insects. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the balsam plant's fruit dehiscence?

<p>Dispersing seeds away from the parent plant. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the leaves of Drosera plants capture insects?

<p>Through fibrils that bend inward to surround and ensnare the insect. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of 'loss aversion'?

<p>Mark feels more disappointed losing $20 than the joy he feels gaining $20. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company decides to rebrand its product line to appeal to a younger demographic. Which cognitive bias should the marketing team be most aware of to ensure the rebranding campaign's success?

<p>Anchoring bias, where the initial product perception heavily influences subsequent evaluations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An investor consistently buys more of a stock as its price declines, believing it will eventually rebound. This behavior is most likely driven by which cognitive bias?

<p>The sunk cost fallacy, where past investments unduly influence current decisions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle of behavioral economics explains why people often choose a default option, even if it's not necessarily the best choice for them?

<p>Status quo bias (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a negotiation, the 'framing effect' is most likely to influence which aspect of the outcome?

<p>The perception of gains and losses by each party relative to their initial positions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of 'technical debt' in software development?

<p>A team quickly implementing a feature using a shortcut to meet a tight deadline, knowing it will need refactoring later. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of conducting a Proof of Concept (POC) before starting a full-scale software development project?

<p>To validate the technical feasibility of key aspects of the project and mitigate risks. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of plant hormones in coordination?

<p>Auxin promotes cell enlargement, and gibberellins stimulate stem elongation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key difference between 'Continuous Integration' (CI) and 'Continuous Delivery' (CD)?

<p>CI focuses on automating the building and testing of code, while CD automates the release of code to production. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A potted plant is placed near a window, and over time, its stem bends towards the sunlight. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?

<p>Phototropic movement, as the plant responds to the light stimulus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do tendrils of climbing plants respond when they come into contact with a support structure?

<p>They exhibit thigmotropic movement, coiling around the structure due to touch sensitivity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of software architecture, what does 'separation of concerns' primarily aim to achieve?

<p>To divide the application into distinct sections, each addressing a specific concern or responsibility. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do plants coordinate responses to stimuli differently from animals?

<p>Plants coordinate responses through growth movements and hormones, lacking a nervous system. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A software development team is experiencing frequent integration issues and code conflicts. Which of the following practices would be MOST effective in addressing these problems?

<p>Increasing the frequency of code reviews and implementing pair programming. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of abscisic acid in plants?

<p>Preventing growth and causing leaf wilting. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the use of a recursive function?

<p>Developing a function that calls itself to compute the factorial of a number. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider the following function definition: def mystery_function(n): return n + mystery_function(n - 1) if n > 0 else 0. What happens when mystery_function(5) is called?

<p>The function returns the sum of all integers from 1 to 5. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is NOT a characteristic of a well-defined recursive function?

<p>It uses iteration to solve the problem multiple times. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential issue should developers be most aware of when implementing recursive functions?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what situation would using recursion be most appropriate over iteration?

<p>When the problem can be naturally and easily expressed in terms of smaller, self-similar subproblems. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies a violation of long-term potentiation (LTP) mechanisms in the hippocampus?

<p>A person struggles to remember new faces after sustaining damage to the hippocampus, specifically affecting the processes required for synaptic strengthening over time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher is studying the impact of a novel drug on spatial memory in rats. After administering the drug, the rats show significant impairment in navigating a Morris water maze. Which neural mechanism is most likely affected by the drug?

<p>Impaired synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus, specifically affecting the formation of cognitive maps. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient exhibits deficits in declarative memory but retains intact procedural memory. Which of the following activities would the patient likely find most challenging?

<p>Recalling the details of a recent news article. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best illustrates the concept of reconsolidation in memory?

<p>A person with PTSD experiencing heightened anxiety when exposed to a trigger, and then undergoing therapy that alters the emotional association with the memory. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher aims to enhance memory consolidation during sleep using targeted memory reactivation (TMR). Which method would be the most effective?

<p>Presenting auditory cues associated with previously learned information during slow-wave sleep. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is energy produced from digested food and oxygen transported throughout the body?

<p>To provide energy for cellular functions in all parts of the body. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of transportation in living organisms?

<p>To ensure substances synthesized or absorbed in one area reach other parts of the organism. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the energy requirement of plants compare to that of animals, and why?

<p>Plants require less energy than animals because they don't move and have many dead cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a plant is placed in a beaker containing water with a stain (like eosin), which parts will show the stain's color first, and what does this indicate?

<p>The stem and leaf veins will show the stain, indicating water transportation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might a plant growing in nutrient-poor soil adapt to ensure it still obtains enough essential minerals?

<p>By forming symbiotic relationships with microorganisms to enhance nutrient absorption. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the roles of xylem and phloem in plants?

<p>Xylem conducts water, while phloem conducts food. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a plant's phloem is damaged, which of the following processes would be most directly affected?

<p>Transportation of sugars from the leaves to the roots. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the red veins signify in the leaf in the experiment?

<p>The plant is transporting the colored water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is tropism?

Movement or growth of a plant part in response to an external stimulus.

What is phototropic movement?

Growth towards a light source.

What are gravitropic and hydrotropic movements?

Response of roots to gravity and water.

What is chemotropic movement?

Movement in response to chemical stimuli.

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What are Growth Relevant Movements?

Plant movements related to growth.

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Electro-chemical impulses

Plants relay information using these impulses.

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Growth-irrelevant movements

Movements in plants not directly related to increasing size or mass.

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Venus fly trap

The plant has a trap that looks and smells like flowers to trick and digest insects.

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Plant hormones

A plant hormone that triggers a response to changes in the surroundings, resulting in movements in plants.

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Dehisces (in Balsam)

Fruit bursts open to scatter seeds when ripe.

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Turgid Root Cells

Plant cells in contact with soil water and minerals; become firm due to water absorption.

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Root Pressure

The pressure exerted by turgid root cells that helps push water and minerals up into the xylem.

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Transpiration

The process where plants lose water vapor through stomata; creates a 'pull' that aids water absorption.

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Guard Cells

Cells surrounding stomata that regulate their opening and closing, controlling water vapor release.

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Roles of Transpiration & Root Pressure

Transpiration aids water/mineral absorption and distribution; root pressure pushes water up, especially at night.

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Plant Inorganic Substances

Plants require these inorganic substances from the soil for growth and various biological processes

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Xylem

A plant tissue that conducts water and minerals from the roots to other parts of the plant.

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Phloem

A plant tissue that conducts food (sugars) from the leaves to other parts of the plant.

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Plant vs Animal Movement

Animals generally move from place to place, while plants are generally stationary.

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Plant Energy Needs

Plants contain a higher proportion of dead cells and require less energy compared to animals.

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Animal Energy Transport

This energy and oxygen are both transported via blood throughout the body in animals.

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What is a stimulus?

A stimulus that causes movement or growth in plants.

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What are growth-irrelevant movements?

Plant movements not directly related to growing bigger, like a Venus flytrap closing.

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What does 'dehisces' mean?

The bursting open of a ripe fruit to scatter its seeds.

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What are turgid root cells?

Plant cells that are firm due to water absorption, particularly in roots touching soil.

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What are guard cells?

Cells that surround stomata and control their opening and closing to regulate water vapor release.

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What is phototropism?

Growth movement triggered by light.

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What is gravitropism and hydrotropism?

Response of a plant's roots to gravity and water respectively.

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What is chemotropism?

Plant movement in response to a chemical signal or stimulus.

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What is dehisces?

The bursting open of a fruit to scatter seeds when ripe.

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What is root pressure?

The pressure exerted by turgid root cells, helping push water and minerals up into the xylem.

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Study Notes

  • Transportation is the process of moving a synthesized or absorbed substance from one part of the body to another.
  • Plants need inorganic substances like nitrogen, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, sodium, etc.
  • The richest source of these substances is soil.
  • Plant roots absorb these substances from the soil and transport them.
  • Xylem transports water.
  • Phloem conducts food.
  • All parts of the plant are connected with these conducting tissues.

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