XML Basics (Part 1)
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Questions and Answers

What part of the Formal Public Identifier (FPI) identifies the group responsible for the DTD?

  • Connection to a formal standard
  • Description and type of document
  • Group responsible for the DTD (correct)
  • Language used in the DTD

Which cardinality symbol indicates that an element must occur at least once?

  • *
  • [none]
  • ?
  • + (correct)

What type of element can contain characters and child elements, but cannot restrict their order or number?

  • ANY
  • mixed (correct)
  • PCDATA
  • EMPTY

In a DTD, what does the list operator '|' signify?

<p>Choice of one or several elements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which definition applies to an EMPTY element in a DTD?

<p>It cannot contain any text or child elements. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the elementFormDefault attribute set to 'qualified' indicate about an XML document instance?

<p>Nested elements must be namespace qualified. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about simple types in XML Schema is correct?

<p>They cannot have attributes or child elements. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant feature of XML Schema compared to Document Type Definitions (DTDs)?

<p>XML Schema is easier to process despite being more complex to express. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which attribute in XML Schema can be used to further constrain built-in atomic types?

<p>facets (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about complex types in XML Schema is true?

<p>They can have either attributes or child elements. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the attribute type CDATA represent?

<p>Unparsed data (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which attribute modifier ensures that an attribute must be present in an XML element?

<p>#REQUIRED (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of Document Type Definitions (DTDs)?

<p>They do not express data types. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of an XML schema?

<p>To resolve issues with DTDs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a feature of XML Schema?

<p>Provides weak type checking (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the #FIXED attribute modifier?

<p>The attribute has a value that cannot be altered (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is essential for XML schema definitions?

<p>XML-Namespaces (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes an enumeration in attribute types?

<p>A fixed list of values that can be selected (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the XML prolog?

<p>To specify the XML version and character encoding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about XML elements is NOT correct?

<p>Tags can end without a corresponding start tag (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required of attribute names within XML elements?

<p>They must adhere to the same naming rules as element names (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding XML comments?

<p>Comments begin with <!-- and end with --> (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What data must be encapsulated within an XML element?

<p>Character data only (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option correctly describes XML attribute values?

<p>They can use either straight double quotes or apostrophes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of well-formedness, which statement about XML tags is accurate?

<p>All tags must be completely nested (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Processing instructions in XML start with which syntax?

<?instruction?> (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes how namespaces work in XML?

<p>Namespaces prevent name collisions by associating prefixes with elements. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a requirement for element and attribute names in XML?

<p>They must begin with a letter or underscore and cannot contain spaces. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about XML comments?

<p>XML comments must be properly formed and cannot contain the string '--'. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if two XML documents define the same element name without using namespaces?

<p>A name conflict occurs, leading to parse errors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an incorrect statement about XML element structure?

<p>Attributes can exist without corresponding values. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In XML, how is a namespace declared?

<p>By adding an xmlns attribute with a unique URI. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to escape the characters '<' and '&' in XML?

<p>To prevent them from being mistaken for markup. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When using namespaces in XML, what happens to elements nested within an element that declares a namespace?

<p>They inherit the namespace from the parent element. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the xmlns attribute in XML?

<p>It associates prefixes with specific namespaces. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to child elements of an element with a defined namespace?

<p>They inherit the namespace if they share the same prefix. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is a default namespace defined in an XML document?

<p>By using an unqualified xmlns on the root element. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for an XML document to be considered well-formed?

<p>It must conform to the basic syntax rules of XML. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a valid XML as opposed to just a well-formed XML?

<p>It follows a formal document model relevant to its application context. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a best practice regarding namespaces in XML documents?

<p>Every element should have an associated prefix or be covered by the default namespace. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might companies use namespace URIs as web page pointers?

<p>To provide additional documentation on the namespace. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must an application do to support XML namespaces?

<p>It must map namespace URIs to identifying prefixes and process elements accordingly. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

XML Prolog

The beginning part of an XML document, containing information about the document's version, encoding, and standalone status.

XML Element

A building block in an XML document, consisting of a start tag, end tag, and the data it encloses.

Tag Names in XML

Names used to identify different types of data in an XML document. They follow specific rules, like starting with a letter or underscore, and case sensitivity.

Valid XML Element Contents

XML elements can only contain character data in the encoding character set. Binary data is not allowed.

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Well-Formed XML Document

An XML document that follows specific structural rules, including having correctly nested tags with matching start and end tags.

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XML Element Attributes

Additional pieces of information associated with an XML element, providing metadata. They are specified within the start tag and follow specific rules.

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XML Comments

Sections of an XML document that are ignored by XML processors. They start with "".

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XML Processing Instructions

Special instructions for XML processors, denoted by "", providing guidance on how to process the document.

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Formal Public Identifier (FPI)

A string used in an XML document to identify the DTD that defines the document's structure.

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Parts of a Formal Public Identifier

A Formal Public Identifier (FPI) has four parts: the connection to a standard, the responsible group, the document description, and the language used in the DTD.

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Element Types in XML

Elements can have different types to define their content. Types include ANY, EMPTY, PCDATA, elements, and mixed.

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Cardinality in XML

Cardinality defines how many times an element can occur within a specific scope.

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List Operators in XML

List operators (``, |) define the order and choices for elements within a specific section of an XML document.

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XML Name Rules

In XML, elements and attributes must have valid names, following specific rules. These rules ensure consistency and make it easier for XML parsers to process the data.

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Escaping Special Characters

Characters like '<' and '&' have special meanings in XML. To use them in text, they must be replaced with their corresponding character entities, ensuring the XML parser interprets them correctly.

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Closed Elements

Every XML element must have a proper closing tag, ensuring the element's content is clearly defined and parsable.

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Attribute Values

Attributes in XML need values, and these values must be enclosed in quotation marks, making it clear where the attribute value starts and ends.

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Element Hierarchy

Except for the root element, every other XML element must be nested within a parent element, creating a structured hierarchy for the data.

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Comment Syntax

XML comments are used for documentation. They must start with '' and cannot contain the string '--'.

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XML Namespaces

Namespaces in XML are used to avoid naming conflicts when combining XML documents from different sources. They use unique URIs (Uniform Resource Identifiers) to distinguish elements and attributes.

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Namespace Declaration

Namespaces are declared using the 'xmlns' attribute on an element. The value of this attribute is a unique URI that defines the namespace for the element and its descendants.

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What is the purpose of the xmlns attribute?

The xmlns attribute defines the namespace for a prefix used in an XML document. It maps a prefix to a unique namespace URI, allowing for unambiguous identification of elements.

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How are namespaces associated with elements?

When a namespace is declared for an element, all its child elements with the same prefix are associated with the same namespace. This ensures consistent naming and prevents ambiguity.

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Where can namespaces be declared in XML?

Namespaces can be declared either within the elements where they are used or in the root element of the XML document.

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What is a default namespace?

A default namespace is defined by using an unqualified xmlns attribute on the root element of the XML document. All unqualified elements and attributes (those without prefixes) belong to this namespace.

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Is it mandatory to qualify all elements in XML?

While the root element of an XML document must be qualified (with a namespace), other elements are not required to be qualified. However, best practice is to qualify all elements to ensure clear naming and avoid ambiguity.

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What is the role of the namespace URI?

The namespace URI provides a unique identifier for the namespace. It is not used by the parser to retrieve information but can be used as a pointer to a web page containing namespace-related information.

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What is the difference between well-formed and valid XML?

A well-formed XML document conforms to XML syntax rules but may not necessarily be valid in the context of a specific application. A valid XML document not only conforms to syntax rules but also satisfies the rules defined in a specific document model.

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What is the role of applications in handling namespaces?

Applications responsible for processing XML documents must recognize namespaces, map namespace URIs to prefixes, and process elements correctly based on their namespaces. They are ultimately responsible for interpreting the meaning of the XML.

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CDATA Attribute Type

A type of attribute in XML that allows for any unparsed data, essentially treating it as raw text.

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Enumeration Attribute Type

An attribute type in XML that restricts its value to a predefined set of options. It uses a pipe character (|) to separate the allowed values.

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IDREF Attribute Type

An attribute type in XML that references an ID attribute defined elsewhere in the document.

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#IMPLIED Attribute Modifier

An attribute modifier in XML that indicates an attribute is optional and doesn't need to be present.

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#REQUIRED Attribute Modifier

An attribute modifier in XML that mandates an attribute must be present.

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#FIXED Attribute Modifier

An attribute modifier in XML that ensures an attribute is always present and has a specific fixed value.

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XML Schema

An XML document that defines the structure and data types of an XML document.

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Benefits of XML Schema

XML Schema offers advantages over DTDs, including support for standard and custom data types, pattern-based type definitions, stricter type checking, and greater control over attribute occurrences.

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XML Schema: What is it?

An XML document that defines the structure and content of other XML documents. It acts like a blueprint for creating valid XML data.

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Namespace in XML Schema

A unique identifier assigned to a set of elements and attributes, helping to avoid naming conflicts when combining XML documents from different sources.

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ElementFormDefault Attribute

This attribute in XML Schema determines if nested elements in the XML document need to be qualified with the namespace. Qualified means they need the namespace, unqualified means they don't.

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XML Schema: Complex vs. Simple Types

Complex types can have attributes and nested elements, while simple types only contain data and can't have attributes or children. It's like defining a container.

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Constraining Simple Types

In XML Schema, built-in simple types (like strings and numbers) can be further constrained by derived simple types using 'facets' like minLength and maxLength.

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Study Notes

XML Basics (Part 1)

  • XML is a meta-language describing document content.
  • XML is not specific to the tags or grammar of a language.
  • XML uses tags, attributes, and data for description.
  • HTML uses predefined tags, whereas XML uses tags set by authors.
  • XML enables portability across platforms.
  • XML documents are composed of elements enclosed in tags (e.g., data).
  • A well-formed XML document adheres to XML syntax rules.
  • A valid XML document conforms to a DTD.
  • XML prolog specifies the XML version, encoding, and standalone status.
  • XML tags are case-sensitive.
  • Tags must have a corresponding end tag.
  • All tags must be completely nested.
  • Tags cannot contain whitespace characters (other than for separating attributes)

XML Overview

  • XML elements can include attributes.
  • Attributes provide metadata to elements (e.g., ).
  • Attribute names must adhere to XML tag naming rules.
  • Attribute values are enclosed in quotation marks.
  • No duplicate attributes are allowed in an element.

XML Components

  • Prolog section defines the XML version, entity definitions, and DOCTYPE.
  • XML documents include tags and attributes, CDATA (character data), entities, processing instructions, and comments.

XML Resources

  • Key XML resources include the W3C specification, the Apache XML project, and the O'Reilly XML Resource Center.

XML Overview, cont.

  • XML provides a portable (cross-platform) method for encapsulating and describing data.
  • HTML (another markup language) has predefined tags.
  • XML is used to define markup languages.

Simple XML Document Examples

  • XML documents use tags to represent elements containing data.
  • Basic XML document structure and elements are exemplified.

XML Elements, cont.

  • Tags can include attributes.
  • Attributes provide additional information within tags.

XML Element Attributes

  • Attributes are defined within start tags providing metadata about data elements.
  • Attributes within start tags provide data context information for elements.

XML Comments

  • XML comments use for explanatory text.

Processing Instructions

  • XML processing instructions, marked with , provide instructions to XML processors.

Document Entities

  • Entities refer to data items, typically text.
  • Entity references are used to resolve conflicts with character data.

Document Entities, cont.

  • Character entities represent individual characters (e.g. à).

Well-Formed versus Valid

  • Well-formed XML documents follow basic syntax rules.
  • Valid XML documents conform to DTD rules.

Namespaces

  • XML Namespaces prevent collisions between elements and attributes from different XML documents.
  • Namespaces are declared using the xmlns attribute.

Example, cont.

  • XML namespaces prevent conflicts when combining different XML data structures.
  • Applying a prefix to a namespace avoids collisions during XML parsing.

XML Namespaces - The xmlns Attribute

  • Using prefixes in XML defines namespaces avoiding element or attribute name collisions between different XML applications.

Example, cont.

  • Namespaces are declared in elements or in the root element.

Namespaces, cont.

  • A default namespace can be specified in the root element (using 'xmlns').

Validating XML Documents

  • Well-formed XML conforms to syntax rules.
  • Valid XML conforms to DTD or Schema rules.

Document Type Definition (DTD)

  • DTD declarations define the structure and elements of an XML document.
  • DTD specifications include allowable tags, attribute constraints, element nesting rules, occurrence counts, and entity definitions.

XML DOCTYPE

  • DOCTYPE declarations contain specifications defining the syntax and structure of elements within an XML document.

DTD in XML Prolog (Internal Subset)

  • Internal DTD subsections are contained directly within the XML document's declaration.

DTD in XML Prolog (Internal Subset), cont.

  • Examples of internal DTD subsets are provided.

External Subset DTD

  • External DTD subsets are defined in separate files, and referenced in XML using the SYSTEM keyword.

Specifying a PUBLIC DTD

  • Public Identifiers (FPIs) are used to reference external DTDs for compliance and standardization

PUBLIC DOCTYPE Examples

  • Providing examples of applying DOCTYPE declarations containing PUBLIC identifiers for various XML contexts.

Defining Elements

  • XML defines elements using specific tags.
  • Definitions include element names and types (e.g., simple or complex).

Defining Elements, cont.

  • Cardinality and operator rules for DTD elements are defined.

Grouping Elements

  • Elements can be grouped in XML, with options to specify sequences and choices

Element Example

  • XML Element example demonstrating definitions and use.

Defining Attributes

  • Attribute rules and examples of attributes within XML elements are described.

Attribute Modifiers

  • Attribute modifiers are explained, including #IMPLIED, #REQUIRED, and #FIXED.

Defining Entities

  • Defining entities to represent commonly used text values.

Limitations of DTDs

  • XML DTD limitations are described, including limitations of data-type support, namespace compatibility, and external structure overwriting.

XML Schema

  • XML Schema provides a more robust approach to validating XML documents than DTD.

XML Schema, Example

  • Implementing XML Schema, specific example for XML data structure definitions.

XML Schema, Example, cont.

  • Continued explanation of defining XML elements and attribute types exemplified.

XML Schema, cont.

  • Defining XML schema structure, including XML element and attribute names, datatypes, and constraints

XML Schema, cont.

  • The schema is structured to explicitly define XML element names and attributes.

XML Schema, cont.

  • Using XML Schema to define elements, attributes, structure, and data types.

Summary

  • XML is a versatile, self-describing meta-data language.
  • DTDs are used to define the structure and rules for XML, though XML Schemas are a more robust method.

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