XML Basics (Part 1)
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Questions and Answers

What part of the Formal Public Identifier (FPI) identifies the group responsible for the DTD?

  • Connection to a formal standard
  • Description and type of document
  • Group responsible for the DTD (correct)
  • Language used in the DTD

    • Which cardinality symbol indicates that an element must occur at least once?

  • *
  • [none]
  • ?
  • + (correct)

    • What type of element can contain characters and child elements, but cannot restrict their order or number?

  • ANY
  • mixed (correct)
  • PCDATA
  • EMPTY

    • In a DTD, what does the list operator '|' signify?

    <p>Choice of one or several elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which definition applies to an EMPTY element in a DTD?

    <p>It cannot contain any text or child elements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the elementFormDefault attribute set to 'qualified' indicate about an XML document instance?

    <p>Nested elements must be namespace qualified.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about simple types in XML Schema is correct?

    <p>They cannot have attributes or child elements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant feature of XML Schema compared to Document Type Definitions (DTDs)?

    <p>XML Schema is easier to process despite being more complex to express.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which attribute in XML Schema can be used to further constrain built-in atomic types?

    <p>facets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about complex types in XML Schema is true?

    <p>They can have either attributes or child elements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the attribute type CDATA represent?

    <p>Unparsed data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which attribute modifier ensures that an attribute must be present in an XML element?

    <p>#REQUIRED</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of Document Type Definitions (DTDs)?

    <p>They do not express data types.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of an XML schema?

    <p>To resolve issues with DTDs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a feature of XML Schema?

    <p>Provides weak type checking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the #FIXED attribute modifier?

    <p>The attribute has a value that cannot be altered</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is essential for XML schema definitions?

    <p>XML-Namespaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes an enumeration in attribute types?

    <p>A fixed list of values that can be selected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the XML prolog?

    <p>To specify the XML version and character encoding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about XML elements is NOT correct?

    <p>Tags can end without a corresponding start tag</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required of attribute names within XML elements?

    <p>They must adhere to the same naming rules as element names</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding XML comments?

    <p>Comments begin with <!-- and end with --></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What data must be encapsulated within an XML element?

    <p>Character data only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option correctly describes XML attribute values?

    <p>They can use either straight double quotes or apostrophes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of well-formedness, which statement about XML tags is accurate?

    <p>All tags must be completely nested</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Processing instructions in XML start with which syntax?

    <?instruction?> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes how namespaces work in XML?

    <p>Namespaces prevent name collisions by associating prefixes with elements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a requirement for element and attribute names in XML?

    <p>They must begin with a letter or underscore and cannot contain spaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about XML comments?

    <p>XML comments must be properly formed and cannot contain the string '--'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if two XML documents define the same element name without using namespaces?

    <p>A name conflict occurs, leading to parse errors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an incorrect statement about XML element structure?

    <p>Attributes can exist without corresponding values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In XML, how is a namespace declared?

    <p>By adding an xmlns attribute with a unique URI.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to escape the characters '<' and '&' in XML?

    <p>To prevent them from being mistaken for markup.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When using namespaces in XML, what happens to elements nested within an element that declares a namespace?

    <p>They inherit the namespace from the parent element.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the xmlns attribute in XML?

    <p>It associates prefixes with specific namespaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to child elements of an element with a defined namespace?

    <p>They inherit the namespace if they share the same prefix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is a default namespace defined in an XML document?

    <p>By using an unqualified xmlns on the root element.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary for an XML document to be considered well-formed?

    <p>It must conform to the basic syntax rules of XML.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a valid XML as opposed to just a well-formed XML?

    <p>It follows a formal document model relevant to its application context.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a best practice regarding namespaces in XML documents?

    <p>Every element should have an associated prefix or be covered by the default namespace.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might companies use namespace URIs as web page pointers?

    <p>To provide additional documentation on the namespace.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must an application do to support XML namespaces?

    <p>It must map namespace URIs to identifying prefixes and process elements accordingly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    XML Basics (Part 1)

    • XML is a meta-language describing document content.
    • XML is not specific to the tags or grammar of a language.
    • XML uses tags, attributes, and data for description.
    • HTML uses predefined tags, whereas XML uses tags set by authors.
    • XML enables portability across platforms.
    • XML documents are composed of elements enclosed in tags (e.g., data).
    • A well-formed XML document adheres to XML syntax rules.
    • A valid XML document conforms to a DTD.
    • XML prolog specifies the XML version, encoding, and standalone status.
    • XML tags are case-sensitive.
    • Tags must have a corresponding end tag.
    • All tags must be completely nested.
    • Tags cannot contain whitespace characters (other than for separating attributes)

    XML Overview

    • XML elements can include attributes.
    • Attributes provide metadata to elements (e.g., ).
    • Attribute names must adhere to XML tag naming rules.
    • Attribute values are enclosed in quotation marks.
    • No duplicate attributes are allowed in an element.

    XML Components

    • Prolog section defines the XML version, entity definitions, and DOCTYPE.
    • XML documents include tags and attributes, CDATA (character data), entities, processing instructions, and comments.

    XML Resources

    • Key XML resources include the W3C specification, the Apache XML project, and the O'Reilly XML Resource Center.

    XML Overview, cont.

    • XML provides a portable (cross-platform) method for encapsulating and describing data.
    • HTML (another markup language) has predefined tags.
    • XML is used to define markup languages.

    Simple XML Document Examples

    • XML documents use tags to represent elements containing data.
    • Basic XML document structure and elements are exemplified.

    XML Elements, cont.

    • Tags can include attributes.
    • Attributes provide additional information within tags.

    XML Element Attributes

    • Attributes are defined within start tags providing metadata about data elements.
    • Attributes within start tags provide data context information for elements.

    XML Comments

    • XML comments use for explanatory text.

    Processing Instructions

    • XML processing instructions, marked with , provide instructions to XML processors.

    Document Entities

    • Entities refer to data items, typically text.
    • Entity references are used to resolve conflicts with character data.

    Document Entities, cont.

    • Character entities represent individual characters (e.g. à).

    Well-Formed versus Valid

    • Well-formed XML documents follow basic syntax rules.
    • Valid XML documents conform to DTD rules.

    Namespaces

    • XML Namespaces prevent collisions between elements and attributes from different XML documents.
    • Namespaces are declared using the xmlns attribute.

    Example, cont.

    • XML namespaces prevent conflicts when combining different XML data structures.
    • Applying a prefix to a namespace avoids collisions during XML parsing.

    XML Namespaces - The xmlns Attribute

    • Using prefixes in XML defines namespaces avoiding element or attribute name collisions between different XML applications.

    Example, cont.

    • Namespaces are declared in elements or in the root element.

    Namespaces, cont.

    • A default namespace can be specified in the root element (using 'xmlns').

    Validating XML Documents

    • Well-formed XML conforms to syntax rules.
    • Valid XML conforms to DTD or Schema rules.

    Document Type Definition (DTD)

    • DTD declarations define the structure and elements of an XML document.
    • DTD specifications include allowable tags, attribute constraints, element nesting rules, occurrence counts, and entity definitions.

    XML DOCTYPE

    • DOCTYPE declarations contain specifications defining the syntax and structure of elements within an XML document.

    DTD in XML Prolog (Internal Subset)

    • Internal DTD subsections are contained directly within the XML document's declaration.

    DTD in XML Prolog (Internal Subset), cont.

    • Examples of internal DTD subsets are provided.

    External Subset DTD

    • External DTD subsets are defined in separate files, and referenced in XML using the SYSTEM keyword.

    Specifying a PUBLIC DTD

    • Public Identifiers (FPIs) are used to reference external DTDs for compliance and standardization

    PUBLIC DOCTYPE Examples

    • Providing examples of applying DOCTYPE declarations containing PUBLIC identifiers for various XML contexts.

    Defining Elements

    • XML defines elements using specific tags.
    • Definitions include element names and types (e.g., simple or complex).

    Defining Elements, cont.

    • Cardinality and operator rules for DTD elements are defined.

    Grouping Elements

    • Elements can be grouped in XML, with options to specify sequences and choices

    Element Example

    • XML Element example demonstrating definitions and use.

    Defining Attributes

    • Attribute rules and examples of attributes within XML elements are described.

    Attribute Modifiers

    • Attribute modifiers are explained, including #IMPLIED, #REQUIRED, and #FIXED.

    Defining Entities

    • Defining entities to represent commonly used text values.

    Limitations of DTDs

    • XML DTD limitations are described, including limitations of data-type support, namespace compatibility, and external structure overwriting.

    XML Schema

    • XML Schema provides a more robust approach to validating XML documents than DTD.

    XML Schema, Example

    • Implementing XML Schema, specific example for XML data structure definitions.

    XML Schema, Example, cont.

    • Continued explanation of defining XML elements and attribute types exemplified.

    XML Schema, cont.

    • Defining XML schema structure, including XML element and attribute names, datatypes, and constraints

    XML Schema, cont.

    • The schema is structured to explicitly define XML element names and attributes.

    XML Schema, cont.

    • Using XML Schema to define elements, attributes, structure, and data types.

    Summary

    • XML is a versatile, self-describing meta-data language.
    • DTDs are used to define the structure and rules for XML, though XML Schemas are a more robust method.

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    CSBP 461 Internet Computing: XML Basics (Part1) PDF

    Description

    Dive into the fundamental concepts of XML with this quiz. Explore the structure, syntax, and rules that govern well-formed and valid XML documents. Perfect for beginners looking to understand the workings of XML.

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