XML Basics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is required for characters < and & when used in text within XML?

  • They must be omitted entirely.
  • They must be escaped as character entities. (correct)
  • They can be replaced with any other character.
  • They must be included as they are.

In well-formed XML, how many parents can a non-root element have?

  • None.
  • Any number.
  • Exactly one. (correct)
  • Two or more.

Which of the following is a requirement for attribute values in XML?

  • They are optional.
  • They can be unquoted.
  • They must be delimited with quotation marks. (correct)
  • They must be numeric.

What does it mean for an XML document to be well-formed?

<p>It conforms to the syntax rules of XML. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a valid syntax rule for XML comments?

<p>A comment must not contain the string “--”. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must be included in the prolog of an XML document?

<p>The version of XML and the character set encoding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about XML element names?

<p>They must start with a letter or underscore (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes a requirement for a well-formed XML document?

<p>Every opening tag must have a corresponding end tag (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of XML attributes?

<p>Require a value for every attribute (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where can XML comments be placed within the document?

<p>Anywhere within the document (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What starts an XML processing instruction?

<?xml (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes a well-formed XML document?

<p>All tags must be closed and properly nested (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must attribute values be enclosed in?

<p>Quotation marks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of entity references in XML?

<p>To replace special characters with predefined values (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes a CDATA section in XML?

<p>It instructs the parser to ignore certain characters. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates a well-formed XML document from a valid one?

<p>A well-formed document only checks for syntax correctness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly represents a general entity reference for the ampersand character?

<p>&amp; (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if an XML parser encounters a missing closing tag?

<p>It reports an error and stops processing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a valid named character entity in XML for the character 'à'?

<p>à (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do numbered character entities represent characters in XML?

<p>Using their Unicode code point value. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which syntax error will an XML parser NOT attempt to correct?

<p>Missing closing tags (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT one of the four parts of a Formal Public Identifier (FPI)?

<p>Name of the DTD author (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types allows an element to contain both character data and child elements?

<p>mixed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the cardinality symbol '*' signify in defining elements?

<p>Zero or more instances allowed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a grouping of elements, which operator is used for sequencing?

<p>, (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the '?' symbol denote when defining element cardinality?

<p>Zero or one instance allowed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which attribute modifier indicates that an attribute must be present?

<p>#REQUIRED (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limitation of DTDs prevents them from adequately expressing data types?

<p>Weak data typing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an attribute type defined in DTDs?

<p>ENTITY (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the #FIXED modifier ensure about an attribute?

<p>It will always have the same value (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which attribute type allows for multiple values in DTDs?

<p>NMTOKENS (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Document Type Definition (DTD) primarily define?

<p>The structure of the document including tags and attributes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about external DTDs is correct?

<p>They can be referenced using the SYSTEM or PUBLIC keyword. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the root element in an XML document?

<p>It identifies the starting element of the document. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which keyword is used to reference an external subset DTD in a DOCTYPE declaration?

<p>SYSTEM (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of constraints are defined by a DTD for attributes in an XML document?

<p>Attribute value constraints (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

DTD

A Document Type Definition (DTD) defines the structure of an XML document. It specifies allowable tags, attributes, their values, nesting rules, occurrence counts, and entity definitions.

DOCTYPE Declaration

A DOCTYPE declaration in an XML document specifies the location and content of the DTD that defines the document's structure.

External Subset DTD

An external subset DTD is stored separately from the XML document in a separate file and referenced by the SYSTEM keyword in the DOCTYPE declaration.

Internal Subset DTD

An internal subset DTD is embedded within the XML document itself, enclosed within a DOCTYPE declaration.

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SYSTEM URL

A SYSTEM URL in a DOCTYPE declaration refers to a private DTD stored on a local file system or HTTP server.

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Well-formed XML Document

An XML document that follows all the syntax rules of XML, ensuring it is structured correctly. This includes using legal element and attribute names, escaping special characters, closing elements, and correctly formatting comments.

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Valid XML Document

An XML document that is well-formed and also adheres to a defined Document Type Definition (DTD) or schema, ensuring that it conforms to the specific requirements of the application.

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Escaping Special Characters

Replacing characters like '<' and '&' with their corresponding entities (e.g., '<' and '&') to avoid conflicts with XML syntax.

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Closing Elements

Every opening element tag (e.g., ) must have a corresponding closing tag (e.g., ) to ensure a well-formed structure.

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Comment Formatting

XML comments must be properly formatted with '' at the end. The comment text cannot contain the string '--'.

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XML Prolog

The initial part of an XML document that provides essential information such as the XML version and character encoding. It sets the stage for the entire document structure.

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XML Element

A fundamental unit in XML documents, consisting of a start tag, end tag, and the content in between. It represents a specific piece of data within the document.

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XML Tag

A keyword enclosed in angle brackets (< and >) that identifies an XML element. Tag names must be descriptive and follow specific rules.

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XML Attribute

Additional information provided within the opening tag of an XML element. Attributes offer metadata about the element and are defined as name-value pairs.

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Valid XML Tag Naming

XML tag names must start with a letter or underscore and can include subsequent numbers, hyphens, and periods. They are case-sensitive and cannot contain whitespace.

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XML Comment

A note within an XML document used for human readability. It begins with '' and is ignored by XML parsers.

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XML Processing Instruction

A special instruction that provides directions to applications that process XML data. It starts with ''.

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XML Well-Formed Document

An XML document that adheres to the structural rules of XML and is therefore valid. It has correctly nested tags and all required elements and attributes.

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Formal Public Identifier (FPI)

A unique identifier that connects an XML document's DTD to a formal standard, specifying the organization responsible, the document type, and the language used in the DTD.

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Defining Elements in DTD

In a DTD, elements are defined by specifying their content types (e.g., text, empty, mixed), cardinality (number of occurrences), and relationships with other elements.

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Content Types in DTD

There are several content types for defining element contents: ANY (any well-formed XML), EMPTY (no content), PCDATA (text only), elements (list of child elements), and mixed (text and child elements).

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Cardinality in DTD

Cardinality in DTD defines the number of times an element can appear within its parent element: 0, 1, or any number of times.

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Grouping Elements in DTD

Elements can be grouped together using parentheses and operators like '|' (choice) and ',' (sequence) to define specific combinations and orders.

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CDATA Attribute

An attribute that holds unparsed data, allowing any characters without interpretation. This is useful for including raw text or code within the XML document.

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Enumeration Attribute

An attribute that restricts its values to a predefined set of options. This enforces data consistency and limits potential errors.

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Attribute Modifiers

These keywords control the behaviour of attributes, specifying their required presence, default values, or fixed values.

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#REQUIRED Attribute Modifier

Specifies that the attribute must always be present in the XML element. Failure to include it will result in an error.

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#IMPLIED Attribute Modifier

Indicates that the attribute is optional and can be omitted. It will not cause an error if missing.

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What is an XML entity?

An entity references a data item, usually text, in an XML document. It's replaced with its actual value during parsing.

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What are the reserved characters in XML and why do we use entity references?

The characters '<', '>', '&', '"', and ''' need entity references to avoid conflicts with the XML parser. This ensures the XML document is interpreted correctly.

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How can you define your own entities?

You can define your own entities in XML to represent specific pieces of data. This helps to improve readability and maintainability.

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What are character entities in XML?

Character entities represent a single character, often one without a keyboard combination (like ''). They can be numbered (e.g., 'à') or named (e.g., 'à').

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What is a CDATA section in XML?

A CDATA section tells the XML parser to ignore the content within it. This is useful for including raw text or code without being interpreted as XML markup.

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What is the difference between a well-formed and a valid XML document?

A well-formed XML document follows basic syntax rules, while a valid XML document also conforms to a defined structure (DTD or schema).

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What is the role of an XML parser?

An XML parser analyzes an XML document, checking its syntax and structure, and reporting errors. It's crucial for processing and interpreting XML data.

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What are the consequences of errors in an XML document?

XML parsers are strict and will usually halt processing if an error is encountered. This contrasts with HTML parsers, which attempt to fix errors.

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Study Notes

CSBP 461 Internet Computing: XML Basics (Part 1)

  • Course title: CSBP 461 Internet Computing
  • Course topic: XML Basics (Part 1)
  • Instructor: Dr. M. Elarbi Badidi
  • Semester: Fall 2020

Objectives

  • Introduce XML concepts
  • Introduce XML description technologies (DTD and XML Schema)

XML Overview

  • When referring to XML, it typically encompasses XML and related technologies (e.g., XSLT, XOL, SGML, W3C, HTML, SAX, JDOM, DOM).
  • XML is a meta-language for describing document content (self-describing data).
  • XML is portable (cross-platform) for encapsulating and describing data.
  • XML tags are defined by the author, unlike HTML tags which are predefined by W3C standards.

XML Resources

Simple XML Document (Example)

  • XML documents typically start with a prolog declaration (e.g., <?xml version="1.0"?>).
  • The basic structure consists of nested elements with opening and closing tags. (e.g., <tag>data</tag>).

XML Components

  • Prolog: Defines XML version, entity declarations, and DOCTYPE.
  • Components of the document: Tags, attributes, CDATA, entities, processing instructions, and comments

XML Overview (continued)

  • XML documents have a single root element (e.g., <book>.)
  • Tag names describe data (e.g., <price>).
  • Additional information can be provided via attributes (e.g., currency="usd").
  • Applications exchanging XML need a shared understanding of the data represented by descriptive tag names and attributes.
  • XHTML is an example of HTML restructured to conform to XML rules.

XML Prolog

  • XML files usually start with a prolog containing the XML version, encoding, and standalone attributes.
  • The version and encoding are necessary, and the standalone value shows if an external file is referenced for entity/DTD definitions.

XML Elements

  • XML elements are composed of XML tags and the data they encapsulate (e.g., <price>5.50</price>).
  • Tag names are case-sensitive.
  • Tags start with a letter or underscore, followed by numbers or periods.
  • Tags cannot contain spaces.
  • Element contents must be character data in the specified encoding.
  • Elements are completely nested, meaning tag order is significant.
  • XML elements can have attributes, providing metadata for the element.

XML Elements, continued

  • Attributes provide metadata about the element's content, properties, or other information.
  • Every attribute must have a value, even if it's an empty string.
  • Attributes cannot be repeated within a single element.

XML Comments

  • Comments start with <!-- and end with -->.
  • They must not contain consecutive hyphens.
  • They can be placed anywhere in the document and aren't considered XML elements.

Processing Instructions

  • Processing instructions start with <? immediately followed by the target name and end with ?> to provide instructions for XML processors.

Document Entities

  • Entities represent data items, typically text.
  • General entity references begin with & and end with ;.
  • Reserved characters (e.g., <, &, ", ', >) require entity references to avoid conflicts with the XML application.
  • Entities are often user-definable.

Well-Formed versus Valid XML

  • Well-formed XML means the XML structure matches basic syntax rules.
  • Valid XML signifies that the structure conforms to the defined rules of a Document Type Definition (DTD).
  • XML parsers often require more structure than HTML to correctly interpret and handle XML syntax errors.

Document Type Definition (DTD)

  • Defines the structure of an XML document.
  • Specifies allowed tags, their attributes, nesting rules, and the number of occurrences.
  • Entities inside the document are also defined.
  • A DTD can be external to the XML document (referenced in the DOCTYPE declaration either with SYSTEM or PUBLIC to a specific URI or URL).

XML DOCTYPE

  • The DOCTYPE declaration specifies the location of the DTD, either internal or by referencing an external resource.
  • SYSTEM is used for resolving private DTDs and PUBLIC is for those intended for public use.

Defining Elements

  • <!ELEMENT name definition/type> describes the elements available within a specific element name and type.

Defining Attributes

  • Used to specify attributes attached to specific xml elements, e.g., <!ATTLIST Product cost CDATA #FIXED "200".

Attribute Types

  • CDATA specifies any unparsed data.
  • Enumeration specifies a fixed list of possible attribute values.

Attribute Modifiers

  • #IMPLIED means the attribute is optional; #REQUIRED means the attribute must be included.
  • #FIXED specifies a predefined and unchangeable attribute value.

Defining Entities

  • Defines entities (replacement text) to be referenced in the XML document.

Limitations of DTDs

  • DTDs are not XML-formatted, hence present more parsing work.
  • DTDs lack strong data typing (integers, decimals, booleans).
  • DTDs do not enforce a specific data format.
  • No namespace support.
  • Document overrides external DTD definitions.
  • Lack of DOM support.

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CSBP 461 Internet Computing XML Basics (Part1) PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on fundamental concepts of XML, including well-formedness, attribute values, and syntax rules. This quiz covers essential topics essential for understanding how XML structures data. Perfect for beginners and those looking to refresh their XML skills.

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