Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary benefit of undivided highways in urban and suburban areas?
What is the primary benefit of undivided highways in urban and suburban areas?
What is the purpose of superelevation in road design?
What is the purpose of superelevation in road design?
Which characteristic is NOT typical of divided highways?
Which characteristic is NOT typical of divided highways?
How does superelevation runoff improve driving conditions?
How does superelevation runoff improve driving conditions?
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What may necessitate the inclusion of climbing lanes on multilane roads?
What may necessitate the inclusion of climbing lanes on multilane roads?
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What is a key advantage of having widely separated roadways in divided highways?
What is a key advantage of having widely separated roadways in divided highways?
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Which design feature helps to show that a divided highway is intended for one-way traffic?
Which design feature helps to show that a divided highway is intended for one-way traffic?
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How does the design of divided highways impact superelevation runoff management?
How does the design of divided highways impact superelevation runoff management?
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What is the ideal width range for medians in rural areas?
What is the ideal width range for medians in rural areas?
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What classification is assigned to public roads declared as national roads?
What classification is assigned to public roads declared as national roads?
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What is the minimum road right of way required for national roads?
What is the minimum road right of way required for national roads?
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Which of the following statements regarding provincial roads is true?
Which of the following statements regarding provincial roads is true?
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What is the minimum width of the traveled way for a two-lane provincial road?
What is the minimum width of the traveled way for a two-lane provincial road?
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City and municipal roads do not belong to which classification?
City and municipal roads do not belong to which classification?
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Which roads are classified as barangay roads?
Which roads are classified as barangay roads?
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What is the allowable grade or slope for provincial roads?
What is the allowable grade or slope for provincial roads?
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What is a major cause of track failures in railway infrastructure?
What is a major cause of track failures in railway infrastructure?
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What type of pavement failure is characterized by permanent deformations in wheel paths?
What type of pavement failure is characterized by permanent deformations in wheel paths?
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Which component of railway infrastructure can suffer from cracking or corrosion over time?
Which component of railway infrastructure can suffer from cracking or corrosion over time?
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What can exacerbate the formation of potholes in pavements?
What can exacerbate the formation of potholes in pavements?
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What is the primary focus of the AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement Structures?
What is the primary focus of the AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement Structures?
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What issue can lead to track settlement and deformation in railway infrastructure?
What issue can lead to track settlement and deformation in railway infrastructure?
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Which type of cracking is NOT a common type associated with pavement failures?
Which type of cracking is NOT a common type associated with pavement failures?
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What is the goal of implementing maintenance and rehabilitation strategies in transportation infrastructure?
What is the goal of implementing maintenance and rehabilitation strategies in transportation infrastructure?
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What is the primary purpose of reballasting in ballast maintenance?
What is the primary purpose of reballasting in ballast maintenance?
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Which technique is NOT typically used for subgrade stabilization?
Which technique is NOT typically used for subgrade stabilization?
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What is the purpose of applying sealant to cracks in pavement maintenance?
What is the purpose of applying sealant to cracks in pavement maintenance?
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What method is commonly used for pothole repairs?
What method is commonly used for pothole repairs?
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What does full-depth reclamation (FDR) involve?
What does full-depth reclamation (FDR) involve?
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Which of the following is a function of overlay in pavement rehabilitation?
Which of the following is a function of overlay in pavement rehabilitation?
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What is a key characteristic of milling in pavement maintenance?
What is a key characteristic of milling in pavement maintenance?
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What type of rehabilitation might be necessary when the track reaches the end of its service life?
What type of rehabilitation might be necessary when the track reaches the end of its service life?
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What is the maximum length for a rating segment in RoCond Assessment?
What is the maximum length for a rating segment in RoCond Assessment?
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Which of the following is NOT a safety device recommended for traffic guidance?
Which of the following is NOT a safety device recommended for traffic guidance?
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What should be done before starting the RoCond Survey Activities?
What should be done before starting the RoCond Survey Activities?
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How should distances be marked after establishing gauging length?
How should distances be marked after establishing gauging length?
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What happens to the lane designation if there are widenings in both outer lanes?
What happens to the lane designation if there are widenings in both outer lanes?
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In RoCond Assessment, what is necessary for the assessment of segments?
In RoCond Assessment, what is necessary for the assessment of segments?
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Which of the following is an essential element of RoCond Assessment?
Which of the following is an essential element of RoCond Assessment?
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What does the negative direction indicate in lane designation?
What does the negative direction indicate in lane designation?
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What is the maximum length of a homogenous concrete surface that can be rated as a single segment?
What is the maximum length of a homogenous concrete surface that can be rated as a single segment?
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How should segments of asphalt and concrete with a length less than 50m be treated?
How should segments of asphalt and concrete with a length less than 50m be treated?
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Which of the following indicates a distinct change in the condition of pavement?
Which of the following indicates a distinct change in the condition of pavement?
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How are defective patches assessed in comparison to normal patches?
How are defective patches assessed in comparison to normal patches?
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What is the width of an edge break classified as not assessable?
What is the width of an edge break classified as not assessable?
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When segmenting pavement surfaces, a change in what aspect can necessitate a new rating segment?
When segmenting pavement surfaces, a change in what aspect can necessitate a new rating segment?
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What defines a pothole in the context of flexible pavement?
What defines a pothole in the context of flexible pavement?
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What is the appropriate response for a segment with consecutive kilometer posts exceeding 1300m?
What is the appropriate response for a segment with consecutive kilometer posts exceeding 1300m?
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Study Notes
Highway and Railroad Engineering Grading System
- Class Standing (40%): Quizzes (40%), Seatworks (30%), Assignments (PE/ME/FE) (30%)
- Major Exam (60%): (PE/ME/FE)
- Semester Grade: (Preliminary Grade + Midterm Grade + Final Grade)/3
Highway and Railroad Engineering Classroom Policy
- Be punctual; 20 minutes late is considered absent.
- Follow required format/instructions during examinations.
- Use permanent black ink pen and short bondpaper (8.5" x 11").
- Submit exams/requirements on time.
- Avoid noise during discussions.
- No cheating during examinations.
Highway and Railroad Engineering Course Description
- Presents methods and underlying principles for designing and controlling road and railroad infrastructure.
- Students become familiar with transportation terminology, flow analysis, driver, vehicle, and road characteristics.
- Includes aspects of road geometrics, road construction, drainage, pavements, and maintenance.
Highway and Railroad Engineering Course Outcomes
- Students can define basic concepts of highway and railroad transportation and apply them to civil engineering.
- Students can recognize concepts associated with the geometric and structural design of highway and railway systems.
- Students can explain basic service requirements and procedure to conduct level-of-service analysis for highways.
- Students can develop basic traffic stream parameters and models and apply queuing theory.
Highway and Railroad Engineering Course Outline
- Importance of transportation, different modes, road transport characteristics, and scope of highway and traffic engineering.
- Highway development and planning: Importance, classification, road patterns, planning surveys, and highway alignment.
- Design criteria for highways and railways.
- Geometric design for highways and railways, including cross-sections, horizontal and vertical alignments, super-elevation and earthworks.
- Structural design of railways and pavements.
- Failures, maintenance, and rehabilitation of transportation infrastructure.
- Traffic engineering: Traffic characteristics, traffic studies (speed, volume, delay, origin-destination, parking, accident), capacity of urban roads and highways, traffic operations, and regulation & control of intersections.
- Traffic flow & analysis of roads including queuing analysis and level of service assessment.
- Pavement materials and design: Specifications, tests, pavement design factors, design of flexible & rigid pavements.
Highway and Railroad Engineering Module 1
- Importance of Transportation
- Different Modes of Transportation
- Characteristics of Road Transport
- Scope of Highway and Traffic Engineering
Highway and Railroad Engineering Module 2: Highway Development and Planning
- Importance of Roads
- Economic Development (facilitates trade, reduces costs, enhances productivity)
- Social Integration (connects communities, access to services)
- National Security (defense mobility, emergency response)
- Environmental Impact (sustainable development, green innovation)
- Road Classification
- By Function: Arterial, Collector, Local
- By Capacity: Highways/Expressways, Major Roads, Minor Roads
- By Surface Type: Paved, Unpaved
- By Area Served: Urban, Rural
- Road Patterns: Grid, Radial, Ring, Linear
- Planning Surveys (Traffic, Topographical, Geological, Environmental, Land Use, Economic)
- Highway Alignment: Positioning of centerline in horizontal and vertical planes.
Highway and Railroad Engineering Module 2: Highway Development and Planning - Part 2
- Highway Types and Classification: Functional classification groups highways by service, based on motor vehicle characteristics and adjacent properties. Recognizable stages of motor vehicle travel include main movement, transition, distribution, collection, access, and termination, each with their designated facility.
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2-Lane Highways:
- Lane width: 3.00m to 3.65m (standard 3.35m)
- Factors to consider: traffic volume, design speed, terrain, and economic considerations
- Shoulders: 3.00m wide (narrower in rugged terrain)
- Climbing Lanes: For grades exceeding 6%, climbing lanes are added, beginning near the grade's foot, to assist trucks.
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Undivided Highways (4+ Lanes):
- Speed limits, features in preventing against oncoming traffic, shoulder features for emergencies.
- Superelevation/Banking for curves on sloped roads to counteract centrifugal force.
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Highway Surveys
- Reconnaissance: Gathering general info, identifying potential routes.
- Preliminary: More detailed info, topographical features, soil, conditions.
- Detailed: Precise measurements, final design.
- Survey Techniques: Topographic, Geological, Hydrological, Traffic, and Environmental.
- National Roads: Declared by the President of the Philippines, primary, secondary, and tertiary classifications, Road Right of Way (minimum 20m!), width of travelled way (at least 6.70m!)
- Provincial Roads: Connect municipalities, used for local traffic and possibly access to national roads, must be officially recognized by the Secretary of DPWH.
- City Roads / Municipal Roads: Located in urban areas, not classified as national/provincial, have certain road right-of-way (minimum 15 meters), and width of travelled way minimums!
- Barangay Roads: Exist outside central city areas, feeder roads to market areas, specific right-of-way and width of travelled way requirements!
- Tourism Roads: Designed for tourists, showcase areas, to increase the local economy.
- Farm-to-Market Roads: Connect agricultural, fishing, and post-harvest sites to markets.
- Expressways: Divided arterial highways for through traffic, full or partial control of access, and grade separations at major intersections.
- Parkways: Arterial highways for non-commercial traffic, usually within or adjacent to parks.
Highway and Railroad Engineering Module 4A: Highway Geometric Design - Horizontal Alignment
- Introduction: horizontal curves are used in transitioning between straight segments of a road
- Types of Curves: Simple, Compound, Reverse, and Spiral
- Elements of Horizontal Alignment:: Tangents (Straight Sections), Curves (factors include curve radius,curve length,superelevation(banking), and transition curves),
- Definitions and formulas for simple curves: tangent (T), radius (R), central angle (I), length (L), chord (C), middle ordinate (M), external distance (E)
- Solving Problem involving simple curves: examples and solutions.
Highway and Railroad Engineering Module 4A: Highway Geometric Design - Horizontal Alignment
- Introduction: Horizontal curves are transitioning curves between straight road segments.
- Types of Horizontal Curves:
- Simple
- Compound
- Reverse
- Spiral.
- Elements of a Horizontal Curve: This includes the tangent distance, chord distance, length of curve, degree of curve, and more
- Definitions and Formulas for Simple Curves: Include formulas for tangent distance, chord distance, length of curve, and more
- Solving Problems Involving Simple Curves: Problem examples and solutions.
Highway and Railroad Engineering Module 4A: Highway Geometric Design - Vertical Alignment
- Introduction: Vertical curves connect vertical changes in road profile, providing comfortable driving conditions.
- Types of Vertical Curves:
- Sag Curves: Curves along a downward slope.
- Crest Curves: Curves along an upward slope.
- Horizontal Curves: Include gradients, curves, tangents,
- Definitions and formulas for Vertical curves: Includes details about various parameters such as length (L), vertical alignment, and more.
Highway and Railroad Engineering Module 4A: Highway Geometric Design - Vertical Alignment
-
Introduction: The subject matter discusses the design of vertical curves to accommodate grades while maintaining safety and comfort for drivers
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Types of Vertical Curves (include definitions)
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Gradient (includes definitions and formulas)
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Solving problems of Vertical Curve (examples and solutions)
Highway and Railroad Engineering Module 2A: Highway Design Data
- Field Survey Information and Field Investigations
- Soil Investigations
- Existing Pavement Evaluation
- Drainage Recommendations
- Design Controls
- Requirements for Speedy Plan Preparation
Highway and Railroad Engineering Module 3: Design Criteria for Highways and Railways
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Highway Design: planning, geometric design, construction- ensuring safety, efficiency, comfort; influenced by factors like traffic volumes and environmental conditions, and vehicle type
-
Key Design Criteria for Highways: Design Speed, Lane Width, Shoulder Width, Sight Distance, Horizontal and Vertical Alignment, Pavement design, Intersection Design
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Design Criteria for Railways: Track gauge, Gradient and Alignment, Curve Radius, Track Structure, Signaling and Control Systems Environmental Impact, Station Design
Highway and Railroad Engineering Module 4: Geometric Design for Highways and Railways
- Geometric Design of Highways: The physical dimensions and layout of roadways, including alignment, cross-sectional elements, and sight distance, ensure safety and efficiency
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Key elements of Highway Geometric Design:
- Horizontal Alignment (tangents, curves, super elevation)
- Vertical Alignment (grades, vertical curves)
- Cross-section Elements (lanes, shoulders, medians, drainage)
- Intersection and Interchanges (at-grade intersections, grade-separated interchanges)
- Sight Distances (stopping sight distance, passing sight distance)
- Clear zones and Roadside Design (clear zones, roadside barriers.
- Geometric Design of Railways: Design focuses on track layout, dimensions, smooth train operations, horizontal and vertical alignment, cross-section, and station design.
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Key Elements of Railway Geometric Design:
- Horizontal Alignment (tangents, curves)
- Vertical Alignment (grades, vertical curves)
- Track Cross-Section (rails, ballast, subgrade)
- Stations and Platforms
Tunnels and Crossings (turnouts, crossings)
- Safety and Signaling Systems
Other notes
- References: Included in additional pages, but do not appear in main study notes.
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