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Questions and Answers
What should be avoided if a pigmented lesion is suspected?
What should be avoided if a pigmented lesion is suspected?
Which drug combination is used for treating Tuberculosis?
Which drug combination is used for treating Tuberculosis?
What is an appropriate treatment for traumatic ulcers?
What is an appropriate treatment for traumatic ulcers?
Which therapy is a common treatment for aphtous ulcers?
Which therapy is a common treatment for aphtous ulcers?
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What should be done after taking a biopsy for cancer treatment?
What should be done after taking a biopsy for cancer treatment?
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What structure forms the inferior limit of the oral cavity?
What structure forms the inferior limit of the oral cavity?
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Which muscle is responsible for tensing the soft palate?
Which muscle is responsible for tensing the soft palate?
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Which part of the tongue is separated from the root by the terminal sulcus?
Which part of the tongue is separated from the root by the terminal sulcus?
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What is the function of the levator veli palatini muscle?
What is the function of the levator veli palatini muscle?
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What type of mucosa covers the tongue?
What type of mucosa covers the tongue?
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Which nerve supplies the palatine muscles?
Which nerve supplies the palatine muscles?
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Which gland's ducts run along the medial border of the sublingual gland?
Which gland's ducts run along the medial border of the sublingual gland?
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What is the blood supply to the hard palate?
What is the blood supply to the hard palate?
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What causes linea alba in patients?
What causes linea alba in patients?
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Which feature is characteristic of chronic biting, or morsicatio buccarum?
Which feature is characteristic of chronic biting, or morsicatio buccarum?
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What is the main treatment recommendation for epulis fissuratum?
What is the main treatment recommendation for epulis fissuratum?
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What psychological condition may lead to chronic biting of the oral mucosa?
What psychological condition may lead to chronic biting of the oral mucosa?
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Where does the inflammation typically occur in inflammatory papillary hyperplasia?
Where does the inflammation typically occur in inflammatory papillary hyperplasia?
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What factors contribute to the development of epulis fissuratum?
What factors contribute to the development of epulis fissuratum?
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Which characteristic is NOT associated with linea alba?
Which characteristic is NOT associated with linea alba?
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What is the primary recommendation for the treatment of chronic biting habits?
What is the primary recommendation for the treatment of chronic biting habits?
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What are early changes in the oral mucosa due to radiation therapy?
What are early changes in the oral mucosa due to radiation therapy?
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Which of the following can cause burns to the oral mucosa?
Which of the following can cause burns to the oral mucosa?
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What is a common late change in the oral mucosa due to radiation?
What is a common late change in the oral mucosa due to radiation?
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Which medication is recommended to relieve pain in patients undergoing radiation therapy?
Which medication is recommended to relieve pain in patients undergoing radiation therapy?
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What characteristic feature identifies impetigo as a contagious infection?
What characteristic feature identifies impetigo as a contagious infection?
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What is a common symptom of early radiation-induced changes in the oral mucosa?
What is a common symptom of early radiation-induced changes in the oral mucosa?
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Which of the following is NOT a symptom associated with late changes in oral mucosa due to radiation?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom associated with late changes in oral mucosa due to radiation?
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Which bacteria are primarily responsible for causing impetigo?
Which bacteria are primarily responsible for causing impetigo?
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What is the consequence of the pseudomembrane developing in the throat during the initial stages?
What is the consequence of the pseudomembrane developing in the throat during the initial stages?
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Which symptom is NOT typically associated with the initial stages of diphtheria?
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with the initial stages of diphtheria?
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What can be a complication of diphtheria due to systemic toxicity?
What can be a complication of diphtheria due to systemic toxicity?
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Which treatment is advised for diphtheria when the airways are obstructed?
Which treatment is advised for diphtheria when the airways are obstructed?
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What is a common symptom following a cat scratch that might develop weeks later?
What is a common symptom following a cat scratch that might develop weeks later?
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What type of lesions can develop at the site of injury from a cat scratch?
What type of lesions can develop at the site of injury from a cat scratch?
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What is the common duration for the self-limited nature of cat scratch disease?
What is the common duration for the self-limited nature of cat scratch disease?
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Which of the following treatments is essential for managing fever in diphtheria?
Which of the following treatments is essential for managing fever in diphtheria?
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What is a characteristic appearance of the patches that may develop on the tongue?
What is a characteristic appearance of the patches that may develop on the tongue?
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Which condition is primarily caused by Cytomegalovirus?
Which condition is primarily caused by Cytomegalovirus?
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Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of cytomegalovirus infection in the oral cavity?
Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of cytomegalovirus infection in the oral cavity?
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What feature is noted in chronic alterations of the tongue lesions?
What feature is noted in chronic alterations of the tongue lesions?
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Which demographic is likely to excrete Cytomegalovirus for a longer duration?
Which demographic is likely to excrete Cytomegalovirus for a longer duration?
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Which of the following manifestations is considered symptomatic of cytomegalovirus infection?
Which of the following manifestations is considered symptomatic of cytomegalovirus infection?
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What is the typical nature of ulcers caused by cytomegalovirus in immunocompromised patients?
What is the typical nature of ulcers caused by cytomegalovirus in immunocompromised patients?
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What triggers the recurrence of Cytomegalovirus excretion in adults?
What triggers the recurrence of Cytomegalovirus excretion in adults?
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Study Notes
Morphology - EXAM 8th Semester (Theoretical Part)
- Oral Cavity: Divided into two parts: vestibulum oris and oral cavity proper
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Oral Mucosa Types:
- Masticatory: Gingiva, hard palate
- Lining: Soft palate, ventral surface of tongue, floor of mouth, labial/buccal/alveolar mucosa
- Specialized: Dorsal surface of tongue
- Lips: Composed of orbicularis oris muscle, upper and lower lips connected by labial commissures. Upper lip innervated by infraorbital nerve, lower by mental nerve. Supplied by labial arteries, drained by facial vein. Submandibular/submental lymph nodes are involved in drainage.
- Gingiva: Dense fibrous tissue, masticatory mucosa, lines alveolar process and surrounds cervical portion of teeth. Classified into: free gingiva (labial, buccal, lingual, palatal aspects), gingival margin, attached gingiva, and interdental gingiva (covering alveolar process, papillae)
- Buccal Mucosa: Inner lining of cheeks and lips; continuous with lip mucosa. Labial frenulum in midline, M. buccinator forms base of the cheek. Supplied by adipose tissue. M. masseter, M. zygomaticus, M. risorius, and M. platysmas contribute to the formation of the cheeks.
- Palate: Roof of oral cavity and floor of nasal cavity, separates oral cavity and nasal cavity. Covered by thick mucosa connected to periosteum. Contains small mucous glands. Innervated by greater and lesser palatine nerves. Hard palate is anterior 2/3rd fixed, formed by palatine process of maxilla and palatine bone posteriorly. Soft palate = flexible posterior 1/3.
- Tongue: Highly flexible muscular organ, covered by non-keratinized mucosa with various papillae types (Circumvallate, Foliate, Fungiform, Filiform) for taste perception. Body is separated from the root by a V-shaped groove (terminal sulcus). Dorsal part is back of tongue, ventral part is underside.
- Teeth: Begin with 20 deciduous, replaced by 32 permanent teeth. Arranged in maxilla and mandible, consisting of enamel, dentin, pulp and root canal system.
- Oral Cavity Mucous Membrane Histology: Consists of a protective covering epithelium (stratified squamous epithelium) and an underlying connective tissue (lamina propria) separated by a basement membrane. Three epithelial types: Keratinized (gingiva and hard palate), Non-keratinized (cheeks, lips, soft palate, floor of mouth, alveolar mucosa), Specialized (dorsal surface of tongue).
Morphology - Other parts (Pages 2-5)
- Health of gingiva is pale pink; inflamed if more reddish (dilated blood vessels)
- Histology: Oral mucosa is a protective barrier between external/internal environment located between skin and GI mucosa.
- Saliva: secreted from parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands, 99.5% water and has a pH of 6.0-7.0. Main functions include lubrication, bolus formation, taste perception, washing oral cavity and facilitating speech and teeth functions.
Physiology of Oral Cavity and Physiology of oral cavity mucous membrane
- Chewing: the cyclical process of opening, closing and occlusal/intercuspal (grinding) phases. Used to form the food bolus.
- Swallowing: Oral phase; Pharyngeal phase, Esophageal phase for transport of food to the stomach.
- Salivary secretions: Main functions of saliva - lubrication, bolus formation, and taste perception, washing oral cavity, facilitates speech, starts carbohydrate digestion.
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