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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of acetyl CoA in the acetylation process?
What is the primary role of acetyl CoA in the acetylation process?
Which of the following statements about methylation is accurate?
Which of the following statements about methylation is accurate?
What defines an individual as a 'slow' acetylator?
What defines an individual as a 'slow' acetylator?
In the representation of the acetylation reaction, what do X and CoA represent?
In the representation of the acetylation reaction, what do X and CoA represent?
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What is the result of glutathione conjugation in xenobiotic metabolism?
What is the result of glutathione conjugation in xenobiotic metabolism?
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Flashcards
What is acetylation?
What is acetylation?
The process of attaching an acetyl group (CH3CO) to certain molecules, often drugs or toxins, to make them easier to eliminate from the body.
How does acetylation work?
How does acetylation work?
A molecule called Acetyl CoA acts as the supplier of the acetyl group. Enzymes called acetyltransferases help make the attachment happen.
What are 'fast' and 'slow' acetylators?
What are 'fast' and 'slow' acetylators?
Some people have enzymes that acetylate drugs faster than others. This affects how quickly a drug is broken down in the body.
What is S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)?
What is S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)?
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What's one way the body gets rid of chemicals?
What's one way the body gets rid of chemicals?
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Study Notes
Xenobiotic Metabolism: Glutathione Conjugation
- Xenobiotics (toxic compounds) react with glutathione (GSH) to form glutathione conjugates.
- The toxic compound (R) is converted to a non-toxic form (R-S-G).
- Glutathione conjugates are metabolised before excretion
- The glutamyl and glycinyl groups are removed from the glutathione molecule
- An acetyl group is added to the remaining cysteine amino acid
- The resulting compound (mercapturic acid) is then excreted in the urine
Acetylation
- Acetylation involves the conjugation of hydroxylated xenobiotics with an acetyl group.
- Acetyl CoA is the active donor of the acetyl group.
- The reaction is catalyzed by acetyl transferase enzymes in the liver and various other tissues.
- Individuals can be classified as slow or fast acetylators based on the variations in acetyltransferase enzymes.
- Variations in acetyltransferase enzymes can affect how quickly drugs are cleared from the blood (e.g., isoniazid for tuberculosis treatment).
Methylation
- Some xenobiotics are excreted as methylated conjugates.
- S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) is the active methyl donor.
- The reaction is catalyzed by methyl transferase enzymes.
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Description
Explore the intricate process of xenobiotic metabolism focusing on glutathione conjugation. Learn how toxic compounds interact with glutathione to form non-toxic derivatives and how acetylation influences drug metabolism. This quiz highlights the key enzymatic reactions and individual variability in drug clearance.