endocrine

The nervous system and the endocrine system

To secrete hormones directly into the surrounding extracellular fluid.

Signaling molecules or chemical messengers that transport information from one set of cells to another.

<p>Endocrine functions occur when a hormone acts on a distant target cell, paracrine when a hormone acts on a neighboring cell of a different type, and autocrine when a hormone acts on the producer cell itself.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Growth Hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Binding of a hormone to its specific target-cell receptor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adenyl cyclase catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cAMP, which acts as the hormone's intracellular messenger.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neural controls</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The hypothalamus collects and integrates information from throughout the body and releases neurohormones that control the synthesis and secretion of specific anterior pituitary hormones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), Growth hormone inhibitory hormone (GHIH), Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), and Prolactin-inhibiting factor (PIF).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GH promotes skeletal development and body growth, stimulates insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1),and inhibits the action of insulin on carbohydrate and fat metabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dwarfism is a condition of short stature caused by deficient GH production in childhood, while gigantism is the result of excessive GH production before puberty, leading to abnormally tall stature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enlarged hands and feet, prominent prognathic mandible, soft-tissue overgrowth, visceromegaly, hypertension, osteoarthritis, glucose intolerance, peripheral neuropathy, skeletal muscle weakness, headaches, and visual field defects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ADH regulates water excretion and reabsorption in the kidneys, playing a major role in maintaining serum osmolarity and blood volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The inability to produce a concentrated urine due to a lack of ADH or impaired responsiveness to ADH, resulting in excessive production of dilute urine (polyuria).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High circulating vasopressin levels relative to plasma osmolarity and serum sodium concentration, resulting in water retention despite hyponatremia and plasma hypotonicity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperphosphatemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcitonin lowers serum ionized calcium levels primarily by inhibiting bone osteoclasts, shifting the balance towards osteoblasts and bone deposition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inadvertent surgical removal of the parathyroid glands or damage to their blood supply during parathyroid surgery, thyroid surgery, or radical neck dissection, as well as hereditary hypoparathyroidism, parathyroid gland injury from irradiation or trauma, amyloidosis, chronic severe magnesium deficiency, and acute hypermagnesemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chvostek sign</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parathyroid cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alpha (a) cells, Beta (ẞ) cells, Delta (8) cells, and PP (pancreatic polypeptide) cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucagon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Somatostatin is a hormone that inhibits the secretion of both insulin and glucagon, and it is also a potent inhibitor of growth hormone (GH) release.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin promotes the uptake of glucose into insulin-responsive tissues to meet energy needs, facilitates the storage of excess glucose as glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscle, inhibits the breakdown of stored triglyceride into glycerol and free fatty acids, and increases the uptake of amino acids into muscle for protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A1C ≥ 6.5%, Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) ≥ 126 mg/dL, 2-hr Plasma Glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL during an oral glucose tolerance test, and Random Plasma Glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An absolute deficiency or lack of insulin, requiring exogenous insulin therapy for survival.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excessive hepatic glucose production</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperglycemia, ketonemia, and acidemia, triggered by an acute hyperglycemic event, most commonly seen in patients with Type 1 Diabetes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A life-threatening condition characterized by severe hyperglycemia and hyperosmolarity, typically seen in patients with Type 2 diabetes, but can also occur in patients without a history of diabetes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid hormone that regulates sodium and potassium ion concentrations and total body fluid balance, primarily by promoting sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertension, hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cortisol is a glucocorticoid hormone involved in carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism, playing a critical role in the body's response to stress, and mediating the effects of catecholamines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Central obesity with thin extremities, florid complexion, moon facies, purplish striae, muscle weakness, and easy bruising.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe weakness, nausea, hypotension, fever, and decreasing mental status.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To secrete the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and Monoamine oxidase (MAO).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Paroxysmal diaphoresis, tachycardia, and headache in the hypertensive patient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epigastric pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiovascular instability, volume depletion, arrhythmias, hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, and the potential for malignant hyperthermia during surgery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Paresthesias</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Evaluate the airway closely, monitor for exaggerated central nervous system depression with anesthetic agents, titrate muscle relaxants carefully, consider decreased hepatic metabolism and renal elimination when dosing medications, maintain normothermia, monitor ventilation closely, monitor for depressed myocardial function, and consider possible reduction in plasma volume when calculating fluid replacement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A rare and life-threatening syndrome that reflects severe manifestations of untreated or insufficiently treated hypothyroidism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To increase cellular metabolic activity, heat production, and oxygen consumption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Graves' disease, toxic nodular hyperthyroidism, and thyroiditis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enlarged thyroid gland, tachycardia, hand tremor, muscle weakness, weight loss, anxiety, fatigue, increased thermogenesis and oxygen consumption, Graves' ophthalmopathy, and thyroid dermopathy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Radioactive iodine therapy, surgery, and antithyroid drug therapy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN), hypoparathyroidism (hypocalcemia), and neck hematoma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Titrate muscle relaxants carefully.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyroid storm is a rare but life-threatening medical emergency that represents a severe exacerbation of thyrotoxicosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High fever, tachycardia, tremor, dysrhythmias, nausea and vomiting, hypertension, and potential heart failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hashimoto thyroiditis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hemodynamic and ventilatory support, intravenous administration of levothyroxine, supplemental cortisol, and meticulous fluid replacement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers