REVISION LECTURES 1 -3

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Questions and Answers

What defines the energy of a photon?

Its travel speed

Its amplitude

Its wavelength

Its frequency (correct)

Which type of radiation is characterized as ionizing?

Visible light

Infrared wavelengths

Radio waves

Ultraviolet photons (correct)

How are waves described in relation to their propagation?

They cannot carry energy.

They can only exist in a vacuum.

They travel only through solid objects.

They spread from a source as a continuous disturbance. (correct)

What distinguishes X-rays from other types of radiation?

They are used to view the inside of bodies and objects. Signup and view all the answers

What forms the basis of electromagnetic radiation waves?

An electric and magnetic field vibrating at right angles to each other Signup and view all the answers

Which type of interaction gives contrast in a radiograph?

Photoelectric Effect Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during Compton scatter?

Scattering of the X-ray with reduced energy Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ionization primarily leads to DNA damage through free radicals?

Indirect Ionisation Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of cell death due to damaged DNA?

Deterministic effects Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes stochastic effects of radiation exposure?

Depend on the total dose but have no safe threshold Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can result if repair mechanisms fail after DNA damage?

Cell mutation Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the atomic number of an atom and the frequency of photoelectric interactions?

Higher atomic numbers experience more interactions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes deterministic effects?

They invariably occur after reaching a threshold dose Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using an aluminium filter in X-ray tubes?

To remove low-energy photons from the beam Signup and view all the answers

How does increasing the kilovoltage (kVp) affect the X-ray image?

It leads to less contrast in the radiographs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about milliampere-seconds (mAs) is correct?

Both mA and time control the overall dose Signup and view all the answers

What effect does a spacer cone's length have on the X-ray beam?

A longer spacer cone narrows the beam, decreasing irradiated anatomy Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum requirement for the spacer cone length in X-ray procedures?

200mm Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant advantage of using rectangular collimation?

Reduces the dose to the patient by at least half Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the effect of mA on X-ray production?

Increasing mA results in an increase in the quantity of X-rays Signup and view all the answers

What role do audible and visual warning signs play during X-ray imaging?

They serve as safety measures for patients and staff Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the step-up transformer in an X-ray machine?

To elevate the voltage for high-speed electron acceleration Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of kinetic energy is typically converted into X-rays during electron interactions with the anode?

1% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes Bremsstrahlung radiation?

X-rays emitted due to electron deceleration near the nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What causes an electron shell's gap to fill during characteristic radiation?

An outer-shell electron dropping into the inner shell Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the surrounding oil in an X-ray machine?

To act as a thermal insulator and remove heat Signup and view all the answers

What results from an incoming electron fully stopping in the Bremsstrahlung process?

An X-ray with maximum energy is generated Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about the cathode and anode in an X-ray tube?

The cathode contains a tungsten filament that emits electrons Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon describes the continuous spectrum emitted from Bremsstrahlung radiation?

A range of emitted X-ray energies up to a high energy limit Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

X-Ray Definition

X-rays are wave packets of energy called photons
X-rays are produced at the atomic level, due to electron interactions within the anode
Electromagnetic radiation
these fields vibrate at right angles to each other
They vibrate at a right angle to their direction of travel
Energy is proportional to frequency and inversely proportional to wavelength
Higher frequency = greater energy

X-Ray properties

X-rays have higher frequencies than UV radiation
The change from non-ionising to ionising occurs at the middle of the UV wavelength
X-rays are a type of ionising radiation
Radiation is a generic way to describe energy emitted from an object
This energy can be in the form of particles or waves
Waves are continuous disturbances in a medium
They travel in straight lines
They can travel through a vacuum or matter

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Description

This quiz covers fundamental concepts related to X-rays, including their definition, properties, and the physics behind their production. Understand the differences between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation and explore the nature of electromagnetic waves. Test your knowledge on X-ray energy and its interactions at the atomic level.