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Which of the following are causing agents of disease?

  • All (correct)
  • Physical agents
  • Chemical agents
  • Biological agents
  • Sanitization broadly means?

    Educate people and community

    Predict the estimated number of deaths linked to poor sanitation and hygiene in rural India.

  • 10 in every 50 deaths
  • 1 in every 100 deaths
  • It can’t be estimated
  • 1 in every 10 deaths (correct)
  • Choose the year in which the central rural sanitation program was launched.

    <p>1986 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The central rural sanitation program was reconstructed in April and renamed as...

    <p>Nirmal bharat abhiyan (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Choose the year in which the first Nirmal Gram Puraskar was given.

    <p>2005 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Choose the full name of HWT: Household _____ treatment.

    <p>water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Predict the type of Ebola virus disease

    <p>Viral Hemorrhagic Fever (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Select the top three modifiable risk factors for developing cancer

    <p>Tobacco use, excess body weight, alcohol intake (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Changing or modifying certain behaviors can reduce your risk for developing cancer. What lifestyle modification can reduce your risk of cancer?

    <p>All of these (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Substance abuse is indicated by

    <p>Use of any drug despite adverse consequences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the correct one, Filarial larvae can be collected from man's: ________

    <p>Midnight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This does not accurately describe lymphatic filariasis

    <p>Vector is the mollusc (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the diseases protected by vaccination under UIP are

    <p>All of these (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Predict the most common symptom of high blood pressure

    <p>It has no symptoms that you notice (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Predict the measure that does not help to prevent diabetes complications

    <p>Eliminating all carbohydrates from the diet (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Choose the diagnosis of Gestational diabetes: ________

    <p>Glucose Tolerance Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Select the components of the immune system:

    <p>Vitamin-D (B), Vitamin-B9 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease was eradicated through immunization program?

    <p>Smallpox (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name an immunosuppressant used to prevent rejection of transplanted organs:

    <p>Cyclosporine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In children, the ______ gland is the largest part but eventually shrinks and gets replaced by fat in puberty.

    <p>thymus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a stimulant?

    <p>Amphetamine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is breastfeeding important to an infant's health?

    <p>It transfers immunity against certain infectious diseases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of an immunization program?

    <p>Prevent the disease agent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most important requirement of a vaccine?

    <p>Safety (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From which cells does Carcinoma arise?

    <p>Epithelial cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following bacterial diseases:

    <p>Malaria = Plague polio = Leprosy mumps = Mumps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vibrio Cholerae is a motile bacterium belonging to which group?

    <p>Monotrichous (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the standard treatment for Cholera?

    <p>ORS replacement therapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the biggest risk factor for Ebola infection?

    <p>Working in a category IV (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Choose the mosquito responsible for malaria transmission:

    <p>Anopheles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    SARS is even more difficult to diagnose; Choose the correct one:

    <p>tests (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Select the types of blindness?curable

    <p>all of the these (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Select the body responsible for formulating policy and implementing programs for prevention and control of HIV in India?

    <p>NACO (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Select the date World Health Organization recognized to celebrate the World Tuberculosis Day

    <p>24th March (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    World Health Organization recommended a control strategy for TB known as:

    <p>dots (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Select the cause of TB:

    <p>bacteria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Select one of the following is the main target of family welfare programs?

    <p>couples in the fertile age (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Select one of the following is the activity of the family welfare program?

    <p>IUD program (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Predict the last polio case in the country was reported from

    <p>West Bengal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the full form of DPMR:

    <p>None (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Select the additive drug in tobacco

    <p>nicotine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Select the correct one, Vaccine under UIP:

    <p>All of these (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Select the correct one, Full form of AEFI:

    <p>Adverse Events following immunization (A), Adverse Events following immunization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Select the parts of surveillance unit in IDSP are

    <p>All of these (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Select the year in which Mission IndraDhanush was launched in

    <p>2014-15 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the correct one Nikshyaposhakyojan is centrally sponsored scheme under:

    <p>National Health Mission (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Select the full form of MTP:

    <p>Medical termination of pregnancy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The programs to get total reproductive health as a social goal of the national level are indicated as

    <p>Family Planning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the first state in India to recognize the family web planning to Nation planning:

    <p>Tamil Nadu (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the first country to initiate a family planning program in the world?

    <p>INDIA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Select the state that has been named first among states for its performance under the Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan in India

    <p>Madhya Pradesh (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Select one of the following statements about ‘Niryat Bandhu Scheme’ is correct

    <p>It is a scheme for mentoring first-generation entrepreneurs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Ministry of Communication has recently launched a pan India scholarship program for school children called ‘Deen Dayal Sparsh Yojana’.

    <p>Philately (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following vitamin deficiency causes beriberi?

    <p>Vitamin B1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the leading cause of blindness in children worldwide?

    <p>Vitamin A deficiency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin functions as both hormones and visual pigment?

    <p>Retinal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a fat-soluble vitamin?

    <p>Vitamin D (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is caused by the deficiency of niacin?

    <p>Pellagra (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin serves as a hormone precursor?

    <p>Vitamin D (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify what is related to overnutrition.

    <p>All of these (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most likely to develop scurvy?

    <p>Eating disorder (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which essential nutrient for a woman during early pregnancy prevents birth defects?

    <p>Folic acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which food source has the highest levels of vitamin C?

    <p>Broccoli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin helps in blood clotting?

    <p>Vitamin K (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the leading causes of poor health globally?

    <p>Poverty (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Vitamin Deficiencies

    • Beriberi is caused by a deficiency of Vitamin B1 (Thiamine).
    • Vitamin A deficiency is the leading cause of blindness in children worldwide.
    • Vitamin B12 is a fat-soluble vitamin.
    • Pellagra is a disease caused by a deficiency of niacin.
    • Vitamin D serves as a hormone precursor.

    Nutrition and Health

    • Obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease are related to overnutrition.
    • Malnutrition refers to the problems related to the nutrition of nutrients.
    • Milk is considered a complete meal or balanced diet.
    • A pregnant woman with a vitamin C deficiency is the most likely to develop scurvy.
    • Folic acid is the most essential nutrient for a woman during her initial stages of pregnancy to prevent birth defects.
    • Blackcurrants have the highest levels of vitamin C.
    • Vitamin K helps in blood clotting.
    • Poverty is a leading cause of poor health globally.
    • Nutrition is the most serious problem facing global health now and in the future.

    Dimensions of Health

    • The WHO definition of health includes physical well-being, mental well-being, and social well-being.
    • Spiritual health is not included in the WHO definition of health.
    • MR stands for Mortality Rate.
    • A state of balance between the individual and the surrounding world, including the environment, is defined as health.
    • Social health refers to the quantity and quality of an individual's interpersonalities and the extent of involvement with the community.

    Energy and Nutrients

    • Carbohydrate is a macronutrient.
    • Vitamins and minerals are micronutrients.
    • Calcium, potassium, and sodium are macrominerals.
    • A diet that consists of sufficient amounts of all necessary nutrients is defined as a balanced diet.

    Vitamin Deficiencies and Diseases

    • Xerophthalmia is a disease that occurs due to vitamin A deficiency.
    • Osteopenia is a symptom of vitamin A deficiency.
    • Pellagra occurs due to niacin deficiency.
    • Beri beri occurs due to thiamine deficiency.
    • Vitamin A deficiency causes night blindness.
    • Vitamin B12 deficiency causes pernicious anemia.

    Immune System

    • The immune system comprises humoral and cell-mediated systems.
    • Smallpox is the biggest achievement of the immunization program.
    • Cyclosporine is an immunosuppressant that prevents transplanted organs from being rejected in recipients.

    Epidemiology

    • The epidemiological transition is defined as the elimination of infectious diseases and the increase in chronic diseases.
    • The primary objective of the immunization program is to prevent further transmission of the disease agent.
    • Safety is the most important requirement of a vaccine.
    • Carcinoma arises from epithelial cells.
    • Necrosis is a kind of injury or damage that results in the premature death of cells in a tissue or an organ through auto lysis.### Infections and Diseases
    • SARS: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, characterized by severe acute respiratory symptoms
    • Ebola: viral hemorrhagic fever, incubation period is 2 to 21 days
    • Filarial larvae: can be collected from peripheral blood at midnight

    Cancer Risk Factors

    • Top three modifiable risk factors for developing cancer: tobacco use, excess body weight, and physical inactivity
    • Lifestyle modification to reduce cancer risk: limit consumption of red meat and processed food, stay physically active

    Hypertension

    • Hypertensive crisis: blood pressure of 180/120 mmHg
    • Modifiable risk factor for developing hypertension: excess body weight

    Vaccination and Immunization

    • Diseases protected by vaccination under UIP: diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus
    • Program aimed at preventing and controlling blindness in India: NPCB Vision 2020

    Diagnostic Tests

    • Diagnosis of Gestational diabetes: Glucose tolerance test
    • Laboratory test for diagnosis of viral community-acquired pneumonia in adults: viral culture

    Malaria

    • Number of people at risk of malaria in the world: 1.2 billion
    • Mosquito responsible for malaria transmission: Anopheles
    • Type of blindness: curable, absolute, social, and all of the above

    Public Health Organizations

    • Body responsible for formulating policy and implementing programs for prevention and control of HIV in India: NACO
    • World Health Organization recognized date to celebrate World Tuberculosis Day: 24th March
    • Control strategy for TB known as: DOTS### Health Programs and Policies
    • India's Malnutrition Program aims to combat malnutrition among children.
    • The One-Child One-Nation policy is not implemented in India.

    Polio Eradication

    • The last polio case in India was reported from West Bengal.

    Medical Terms

    • DPMR stands for Direction, Prevention, and Medical Rehabilitation.

    Tobacco and Vaccines

    • Nicotine is an addictive drug in tobacco.
    • BCG, DPT, and OPV are vaccines under the Universal Immunization Program (UIP).
    • AEFI stands for Adverse Events Following Immunization.

    Surveillance and Disease Prevention

    • BSU, CSU, and SSU are parts of the surveillance unit in IDSP (Integrated Disease Surveillance Project).
    • Mission Indradhanush was launched in 2014-15.
    • Nikshay Poshan Yojana is a centrally sponsored scheme under the National Health Mission.

    Family Planning and Reproductive Health

    • Family planning programs aim to achieve total reproductive health as a social goal at the national level.
    • Kerala was the first state to recognize family planning as a part of national planning.
    • India was the first country to initiate a family planning program in the world.

    Women's Health

    • MTP stands for Medical Termination of Pregnancy.
    • The Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan aims to reduce maternal mortality in India.
    • Madhya Pradesh was the first state to perform well under the Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan.

    Scholarship Programs

    • The Deen Dayal Sparsh Yojana is a pan-India scholarship program for school children to promote philately.

    Disease Prevention and Sanitation

    • Biological, chemical, and physical agents cause diseases.
    • Poor sanitation and hygiene in rural India lead to significant mortality rates.
    • The Central Rural Sanitation Program was launched in 1986 and renamed Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan in 2005.

    Healthcare Objectives and Services

    • The objective of community health is to achieve primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of care.
    • PHC stands for Primary Health Center, which provides comprehensive primary healthcare to the community.
    • The Alma-Ata Conference aimed to achieve "Health for All" by 2000.

    Urban Health

    • National Urban Health Mission (NUHM) was launched in 2005 under the National Health Mission (NHM).
    • Rajiv Awas Yojana addresses the housing needs of economically weak and lower-income groups in urban areas.
    • Cardiovascular diseases are the major cause of death in urban areas.

    School Health

    • Coordinated School Health programs consist of comprehensive school health education, physical education, and nutrition services.

    International Health Conferences

    • The concept of primary health care was introduced at the Alma-Ata Conference in 1978, jointly by WHO and UNICEF.

    Miscellaneous

    • The National Mental Health Program was launched in 2013.
    • World AIDS Day is observed on December 1st.

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