Post Midterm Practice Exam

What is Cirrhosis most likely caused by?

Which types of hepatitis are most likely to cause cirrhosis?

Which complication is most likely to occur due to cirrhosis?

What is ascites?

Xanthelasma is associated with which of the following conditions?

What is the best way to treat cirrhosis? (Click all that apply)

What is the diagnostic tool used for Portal Hypertension?

What are common signs and symptoms of esophageal varices? (Select all that apply)

Asterixis is associated with which condition?

What is Hepatic Encephalopathy?

In order to get Hepatitis D, which Hepatitis virus is required?

Which Heps are the most severe? (Choose all that apply)

What does the 2 hit model of MASH propose?

Which cancer usually presents with vague signs of abdominal pain, fatigue, loss of weight, and appetite?

What is the difference between Cholelithiasis and Cholecystitis?

The most common type of stones in Cholelithiasis is:

What is the preferred treatment for cholecystitis?

What is the main difference between Primary Biliary Cholangitis and Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis?

Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA or ursodiol) is used for which condition in treatments?

What is pancreatitis?

Chronic pancreatitis is associated with which of the following?

What is Grey Turner Sign and what condition is it associated with?

How is pancreatitis diagnosed?

A patient comes into a RMT's clinic stating that they recently got a massive bruise on the flank and they have been having tenderness in the abdominal region. What is the patient showing signs of and what should the RMT do in this situation?

Which organ does cystic fibrosis primarily affect?

Which condition often develops due to cystic fibrosis (CF) within the GI system?

Which condition causes the thickening of pancreatic secretions that can block the duct or even the gland completely, resulting in scarring of the pancreas?

When testing for cystic fibrosis (CF), what do people look for in the sweat?

What is the prognosis of cystic fibrosis (CF)?

As a Registered Massage Therapist (RMT) who is feeling a bit sick, what should you do when scheduled to see a patient with Cystic Fibrosis?

What is the confirmation method used to diagnose carcinoma of the pancreas?

What is the treatment approach for carcinoma of the pancreas?

What is the Whipple procedure?

A patient presents with persistent hyperglycemia, diagnosed as Diabetes Mellitus type 1. Considering the endocrine system's role in disease, which of the following mechanisms is most directly implicated in the pathogenesis of this condition?

In the context of hyperpituitarism, a functional pituitary adenoma is identified as the most common cause. If such an adenoma primarily secretes growth hormone (GH) before the closure of epiphyseal plates, which of the following conditions is most likely to manifest?

A 45-year-old patient is diagnosed with acromegaly. Which diagnostic test is considered the gold standard for confirming this condition, and what is the expected hormonal response in a patient with acromegaly?

Prolactinomas are classified based on 'efficiency' and 'proportionality'. What does 'efficiency' in this classification primarily refer to regarding the tumor's function?

A patient presents with symptoms suggestive of prolactinoma. Which of the following conditions should be considered in the differential diagnosis due to its potential to mimic hyperprolactinemia?

Cushing's syndrome and Cushing's disease are both forms of hypercortisolism, but differ in etiology. What is the critical distinction between Cushing's disease and Cushing's syndrome?

A patient is undergoing a dexamethasone suppression test for suspected Cushing's syndrome. If the test reveals no suppression of ACTH following dexamethasone administration, but cortisol levels remain elevated, what is the most likely primary source of hypercortisolism?

Hypopituitarism can result from various etiologies affecting the pituitary gland or hypothalamus. Which of the following conditions primarily represents a hypothalamic cause of hypopituitarism?

In diagnosing hypopituitarism, both basal and dynamic laboratory tests are crucial. What is the primary purpose of 'dynamic' testing in the evaluation of suspected hypopituitarism?

Empty sella syndrome is characterized by the flattening or shrinking of the pituitary gland within the sella turcica. Which of the following mechanisms is most directly involved in the pathogenesis of primary empty sella syndrome?

Pituitary dwarfism is caused by decreased growth hormone (GH) secretion before puberty. What is a key differentiating feature of pituitary dwarfism compared to other forms of dwarfism regarding body proportions?

Central diabetes insipidus (DI) and nephrogenic DI both result in polyuria and dilute urine, but they differ in their underlying pathophysiology. What is the fundamental difference between central and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

The adrenal cortex is divided into three zones, each producing distinct hormones. Which zone of the adrenal cortex is primarily responsible for the synthesis and secretion of cortisol?

The regulation of hormone secretion from the adrenal glands involves several feedback loops and regulatory systems. Which of the following regulatory mechanisms primarily stimulates the zona fasciculata to secrete cortisol?

Cushing's syndrome can arise from various etiologies, including exogenous administration of glucocorticoids and endogenous overproduction. Among the endogenous causes, which is the most common?

In the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome, the dexamethasone suppression test is utilized. If a patient with suspected Cushing's syndrome shows suppression of cortisol levels with low-dose dexamethasone but no suppression with high-dose dexamethasone, what does this pattern typically indicate?

Adrenal insufficiency is categorized into primary and secondary types based on the location of the primary pathology. In primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease), where is the primary site of dysfunction?

An Addisonian crisis is a severe and potentially life-threatening complication of adrenal insufficiency. Which of the following physiological stressors is most likely to precipitate an Addisonian crisis in a patient with chronic adrenal insufficiency?

In differentiating between primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency, serum cortisol and ACTH levels are measured. What hormonal profile is characteristic of secondary adrenal insufficiency?

Hyperaldosteronism is characterized by excessive aldosterone secretion. What is the primary difference in the etiology between primary and secondary hyperaldosteronism?

Secondary hyperaldosteronism can be triggered by various conditions that affect renal perfusion and systemic hemodynamics. Which of the following conditions is most likely to cause secondary hyperaldosteronism?

In diagnosing hyperaldosteronism, the serum aldosterone to renin ratio is a key initial test. What hormonal ratio is typically observed in primary hyperaldosteronism?

Pheochromocytoma is a tumor of chromaffin cells, typically located in the adrenal medulla. What is the primary pathophysiological consequence of pheochromocytoma?

A provocative test involving beta-blockers is mentioned in the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. Why is the administration of a beta-blocker considered a paradoxical and potentially risky diagnostic approach in suspected pheochromocytoma?

Hyperparathyroidism is defined by the overproduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH). What is the primary electrolyte imbalance resulting from hyperparathyroidism?

Primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism differ in their etiology. What is the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism?

Secondary hyperparathyroidism is often a compensatory response to chronic hypocalcemia or vitamin D deficiency. Which of the following conditions is a common underlying cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism?

Hypoparathyroidism is characterized by insufficient parathyroid hormone (PTH) production. What is the primary electrolyte imbalance resulting from hypoparathyroidism?

What is the most common iatrogenic cause of hypoparathyroidism?

Which of the following is a shared sign or symptom commonly associated with both gigantism and acromegaly due to their shared etiology of growth hormone (GH) excess?

A patient with acromegaly exhibits excessive thickening of the appendages. Which of the following anatomical areas is characteristically affected by this thickening?

Which of the following is a common sign or symptom of prolactinoma in people assigned female at birth, directly related to the effects of hyperprolactinemia?

Which of the following is a characteristic sign or symptom commonly observed in Cushing's disease, directly attributable to the excess cortisol levels?

Hyperpigmentation (bronzing of skin) is a distinctive clinical feature associated with which specific endocrine disorder discussed?

Massive polyuria with dilute urine is the hallmark symptom of diabetes insipidus. What is the typical daily urine output volume that is suggestive of diabetes insipidus in adults?

Hypertension is a prominent sign in several endocrine disorders. In which of the following adrenal gland disorders is hypertension a primary and characteristic symptom?

Muscle weakness and muscle cramps are significant symptoms in hyperaldosteronism. Which electrolyte imbalance directly contributes to these neuromuscular manifestations in this disorder?

In older adults, thyroid disorders, particularly hyper- and hypothyroidism, are often underdiagnosed. Which factor most significantly contributes to this diagnostic challenge?

A patient is diagnosed with primary hypothyroidism. Which of the following pathophysiological mechanisms is the most direct cause of this condition?

Hashimoto's thyroiditis, the most common cause of hypothyroidism in North America, is characterized by which primary immunological process?

Iodine deficiency is a significant global cause of hypothyroidism. Which of the following mechanisms explains how iodine deficiency leads to reduced thyroid hormone production?

Myxedema, a severe manifestation of hypothyroidism, is characterized by dermatological changes. Which of the following best describes the underlying pathophysiology of myxedema?

A patient with long-standing, untreated hypothyroidism is at risk of developing myxedema coma. Which of the following physiological changes is a primary concern in myxedema coma?

In the interpretation of thyroid function tests (TFTs), a pattern of elevated TSH and decreased free T4 and T3 is indicative of primary hypothyroidism. Which of the following best explains this hormonal profile?

Levothyroxine (Synthroid), a synthetic T4, is the standard treatment for hypothyroidism. Why is T4, rather than T3, typically preferred for hormone replacement therapy?

Congenital hypothyroidism, if untreated, can lead to severe developmental delays. What is the most critical period for thyroid hormone replacement therapy to prevent irreversible neurological damage in infants?

In Hashimoto's thyroiditis, which antibodies are most commonly detected in serum as diagnostic markers of the autoimmune process?

While iodine deficiency is a global concern, it is relatively rare in North America primarily due to dietary fortification. Which food product is most commonly fortified with iodine in North America?

In iodine deficiency, a goiter may develop as a compensatory mechanism. What is the physiological rationale behind goiter formation in this condition?

Hyperthyroidism is characterized by excessive thyroid hormone action. Which of the following is a common cardiovascular manifestation of hyperthyroidism?

Grave's disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. What is the primary pathophysiological mechanism underlying thyroid hormone excess in Grave’s disease?

Toxic thyroid nodules (Plummer's disease) are another cause of hyperthyroidism. How do these nodules lead to thyroid hormone excess?

Thyroid storm is a severe, life-threatening exacerbation of hyperthyroidism. Which of the following clinical features is most characteristic of thyroid storm?

In primary hyperthyroidism, thyroid function tests typically show a suppressed TSH level and elevated free T4 and T3. What is the mechanism behind the suppressed TSH in this condition?

Beta-blockers are often used in the initial management of hyperthyroidism symptoms. What is the primary therapeutic effect of beta-blockers in this context?

Radioactive iodine therapy is a common treatment for hyperthyroidism. How does radioactive iodine effectively reduce thyroid hormone production?

Thyroidectomy, surgical removal of the thyroid gland, is a treatment option for hyperthyroidism. What is a common long-term complication following a total thyroidectomy?

Exophthalmos, or proptosis of the eyeballs, is a unique sign in Grave's disease. What is the underlying mechanism leading to exophthalmos in this condition?

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by hyperglycemia. In Type 1 diabetes mellitus, what is the primary etiological factor leading to this hyperglycemia?

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious acute complication of diabetes mellitus, more commonly seen in Type 1 diabetes. What is the main metabolic derangement that defines DKA?

Polydipsia, polyuria, and polyphagia are classic symptoms of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. Which of the following physiological mechanisms best explains polyuria in diabetes?

HbA1c is a crucial diagnostic and monitoring tool for diabetes mellitus. What does HbA1c level reflect?

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by insulin resistance. Which of the following best describes insulin resistance?

Metformin is a commonly prescribed first-line medication for Type 2 diabetes. What is the primary mechanism of action of metformin?

Dyslipidemia, often associated with Type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome, typically involves which lipid profile abnormality?

Acanthosis nigricans, a skin condition characterized by dark, velvety patches, is often associated with insulin resistance. Where is acanthosis nigricans typically observed on the body?

Compared to Type 1 diabetes, Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) is less common in Type 2 diabetes. However, in Type 2 diabetes, a different hyperglycemic emergency, Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS), is more prevalent. What is the key differentiating factor in the pathophysiology of HHS compared to DKA?

Nerve damage (neuropathy) is a common long-term complication of both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Which of the following is a typical pattern of diabetic peripheral neuropathy?

Retinopathy is a significant microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus. What is the primary mechanism leading to diabetic retinopathy?

Nephropathy (diabetic kidney disease) is another major microvascular complication of diabetes. What is the earliest clinical manifestation of diabetic nephropathy that is typically monitored?

Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in individuals with diabetes mellitus. What is the most significant risk factor linking diabetes and cardiovascular disease?

In the context of massage therapy for individuals with diabetes mellitus, what is a primary consideration regarding insulin injection sites?

A 70-year-old patient presents with new onset fatigue, mild constipation, and difficulty tolerating cold temperatures. They deny significant weight gain or changes in appetite. Considering age-related changes in thyroid function, which of the following is the MOST appropriate initial step in evaluating this patient?

In primary hypothyroidism due to Hashimoto's thyroiditis, which of the following hormonal profiles is expected?

A patient with hypothyroidism is prescribed levothyroxine. What is the primary rationale for gradually increasing the dosage of this medication rather than starting at the full replacement dose?

Untreated congenital hypothyroidism can lead to severe developmental delays. What is the MOST critical reason for early diagnosis and treatment of congenital hypothyroidism in newborns?

In Hashimoto's thyroiditis, the autoimmune process primarily targets which component of the thyroid gland?

Which statement BEST describes the compensatory mechanism behind goiter formation in iodine deficiency?

A patient presents with weight loss, palpitations, heat intolerance, and anxiety. Thyroid function tests reveal low TSH and elevated free T4 and T3. Which of the following conditions is the MOST likely diagnosis?

In Grave's disease, the excessive thyroid hormone production is primarily driven by:

Beta-blockers are often used in the initial management of hyperthyroidism. What is their MAIN therapeutic effect in this context?

Radioactive iodine (RAI) is a common treatment for hyperthyroidism. How does RAI therapy reduce thyroid hormone production?

Which of the following is the MOST significant risk factor for the development of thyroid cancer?

In Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, hyperglycemia is primarily a result of:

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious complication more commonly associated with Type 1 diabetes. What is the KEY metabolic derangement that defines DKA?

Polydipsia, a classic symptom of diabetes mellitus, is BEST explained by which physiological mechanism?

HbA1c reflects the average blood glucose level over what period?

Insulin resistance, a hallmark of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, is BEST described as:

Metformin is a first-line medication for Type 2 diabetes. What is its PRIMARY mechanism of action?

Acanthosis nigricans, a skin condition associated with insulin resistance, is characterized by:

Compared to Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA), Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS) in Type 2 diabetes is characterized by:

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy typically follows which pattern?