Neuroanatomy Post-Midterm Notes
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Questions and Answers

What pathology is associated with damage to the olfactory mucous membrane?

  • Bilateral Anosmia (correct)
  • Unilateral Anosmia
  • Hypogeusia
  • Hyperosmia

Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for the sense of smell?

  • CN III Oculomotor
  • CN V Trigeminal
  • CN I Olfactory (correct)
  • CN II Optic

Where do the sensory fibers for cranial nerves typically originate?

  • Brainstem nuclei
  • Spinal cord
  • Cells outside the brain (correct)
  • Cerebral cortex

Which pathway does the motor stimulus follow to reach the target organ?

<p>Efferent pathway (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure does the CN I Olfactory nerve exit through?

<p>Cribriform Plate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical progression for sensory information from a sensory organ to the cortex?

<p>Sensory organ ➔ 2nd order neuron ➔ Cortex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of pathway involves stimulation starting at the cortex and moving toward the target organ?

<p>Motor-Efferent Pathway (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the sensory information in the sensory nuclei after it is received from the sensory organs?

<p>It synapses with 2nd order neurons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

<p>To cushion and protect the central nervous system (CNS) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure produces cerebrospinal fluid?

<p>Choroid plexus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume relate to brain volume?

<p>They have an inverse relationship (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which foramen connects the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle?

<p>Foramen of Monro (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?

<p>It is inversely related to the size of molecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a unique feature of the blood-brain barrier in newborns?

<p>It allows easier access for larger molecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the meninges?

<p>To protect the brain and spinal cord (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does cerebrospinal fluid exit the fourth ventricle into the subarachnoid space?

<p>Foramen of Luschka (A), Foramen of Magendie (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the meninges is tough and fibrous, extending from the foramen magnum?

<p>Dura Mater (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of substances readily pass through the blood-brain barrier?

<p>Lipids and gases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the space called that separates the dura mater from the vertebral column?

<p>Epidural Space (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cerebrospinal fluid in relation to neuronal activity?

<p>It removes waste products associated with neuronal activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure separates the two cerebral hemispheres?

<p>Falx Cerebri (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the dura mater covers the inner surface of the skull bones?

<p>Periosteal Layer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the tentorial notch accommodate?

<p>The midbrain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which space extends around the optic nerve as far as the eyeball?

<p>Subdural Space (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the arachnoid villi?

<p>To diffuse CSF into the bloodstream (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which space is located between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater?

<p>Subdural space (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the pia mater in relation to the spinal cord?

<p>It closely adheres to the spinal cord and extends to cranial nerves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the extradural space?

<p>It is separated by fat and contains the internal vertebral venous plexus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the arachnoid mater?

<p>It is a delicate, impermeable membrane between the dura and pia mater (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the pia mater form the filum terminale?

<p>By extending outside the dura from the tip of the coccyx to the dural sac (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The subarachnoid space is primarily filled with which substance?

<p>Cerebrospinal fluid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the ligamentum denticulatum?

<p>To suspend the spinal cord within the dural sheath (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is responsible for the efferent pupillary light reflex?

<p>CN III Oculomotor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve primarily provides sensation to the posterior one-third of the tongue?

<p>CN IX Glossopharyngeal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected consequence of a lesion in the CN VII Facial nerve?

<p>Bell's Palsy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve controls the lateral rectus muscle?

<p>CN VI Abducens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve carries sensory information related to balance?

<p>CN VIII Vestibulocochlear (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient exhibits lateral winging of the scapula. Which cranial nerve is likely affected?

<p>CN XI Spinal Accessory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve provides sensory supply to the skin of the face?

<p>CN V Trigeminal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is the longest cranial nerve in the body?

<p>CN X Vagus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Double vision can result from a palsy of which cranial nerve?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is responsible for carrying taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?

<p>CN VII Facial (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve assists with muscles of mastication?

<p>CN V Trigeminal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of CN XII Hypoglossal?

<p>Movement of the tongue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function does the CN X Vagus nerve NOT perform?

<p>Control of shoulder movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Blood-CSF Barrier?

<p>To prevent macromolecules from entering the CSF (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery primarily supplies the medial cerebrum?

<p>Anterior Cerebral Artery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is primarily affected by an occlusion of the Medial Cerebral Artery?

<p>Lateral cerebral surface (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of an occlusion in the Anterior Cerebral Artery?

<p>Contralateral weakness in lower extremity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial artery is formed by the union of the two vertebral arteries?

<p>Basilar Artery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What region does the Circle of Willis primarily supply?

<p>Anterior and posterior cerebral territories (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hydrocephalus characterized by?

<p>Excessive accumulation of water in the brain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following arteries supplies the undersurface of the cerebellum?

<p>Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery's occlusion can lead to contralateral visual loss?

<p>Posterior Cerebral Artery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is mainly supplied by the Internal Carotid Artery?

<p>Eye and appendages (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the occlusion of the Medial Cerebral Artery result in?

<p>Contralateral hemiplegia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which arteries supply the anterior two thirds of the spinal cord?

<p>Anterior spinal arteries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical feature primarily facilitates collateral blood flow to the brain?

<p>Circle of Willis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common result of a stroke affecting the Posterior Cerebral Artery?

<p>Visual agnosia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cranial Nerves

A component of the peripheral nervous system made up of 12 pairs of nerves that exit the skull.

Sensory-Afferent Pathway

A pathway that transmits sensory information from the body to the brain.

Motor-Efferent Pathway

A pathway that transmits motor commands from the brain to muscles.

1st Order Neurons

The first order neurons in the sensory-afferent pathway.

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2nd Order Neurons

The second order neurons that synapse with the first order neurons in the sensory-afferent pathway.

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3rd Order Neurons

The third order neurons that synapse with the second order neurons in the sensory-afferent pathway.

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1st Order Neurons in Motor Pathway

The first order neurons in the motor-efferent pathway.

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2nd Order Neurons in Motor Pathway

The second order neurons that synapse with the first order neurons in the motor-efferent pathway.

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Dura Mater

The tough, fibrous outer layer of the meninges that extends from the foramen magnum to the 2nd sacral vertebra.

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Extradural / Epidural Space

The space between the dura mater and the vertebral column.

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Subdural Space

The space between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater.

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Endosteal / Periosteal Layer

The layer of the dura mater that covers the inner surface of the skull bones.

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Falx Cerebri

A sickle-shaped fold of dura mater that separates the two cerebral hemispheres.

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Tentorium Cerebelli

A crescent-shaped fold of dura mater that covers the cerebellum.

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Tentorial Notch

A gap in the front of the tentorium cerebelli that allows the midbrain to pass through.

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Cerebrospinal Fluid

The fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord, removing waste products and supporting hormonal balance.

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Arachnoid Mater

A delicate, impermeable membrane separating the dura mater from the pia mater.

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Subarachnoid Space

The space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater.

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Arachnoid Villi

Projections of the arachnoid mater into the venous sinuses, where CSF diffuses into the bloodstream.

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Ligamentum Denticulatum

Thickened pia mater connecting the spinal cord to the dura mater.

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Filum Terminale

A thin, thread-like continuation of the pia mater that extends outside of the dura to the coccyx.

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What is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

Clear, colorless fluid that bathes the central nervous system, providing cushioning, support, and nutrient transport.

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What is the choroid plexus?

Located within the ventricles of the brain, it's responsible for producing CSF, maintaining its composition and volume.

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What are the lateral ventricles?

The largest ventricles in the brain, they are located within the cerebrum and separated by the septum pellucidum.

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What is the third ventricle?

A narrow cavity located between the thalami, it connects the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle.

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What is the Sylvian aqueduct?

Connecting the third and fourth ventricles, this narrow passageway provides a pathway for CSF flow.

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What is the fourth ventricle?

A diamond-shaped cavity located at the base of the brain, it connects to the subarachnoid space via foramina.

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What is the subarachnoid space?

A space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater that surrounds the brain and spinal cord, filled with CSF.

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What is the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?

A barrier that separates the blood from the brain, regulating what substances can pass through, protecting the CNS from harmful substances.

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CN II Optic

Sensory nerve responsible for vision. Carries visual information from the eye to the brain.

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CN III Oculomotor

Motor nerve responsible for eye movement, pupil constriction, and accommodation (focusing). It also controls the levator palpebrae superioris muscle, which lifts the eyelid.

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CN IV Trochlear

Motor nerve responsible for movement of the superior oblique muscle, which rotates the eye downward and outward. Damage to this nerve can cause double vision (diplopia).

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CN V Trigeminal

Mixed nerve. The largest cranial nerve. Responsible for sensation to the face, motor control of chewing muscles, and proprioception.

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CN VI Abducens

Motor nerve responsible for abduction of the eye (moving it outward). Damage to this nerve can cause double vision.

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CN VII Facial

Mixed nerve. Responsible for facial expression, taste to the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, and control of lacrimal (tear) and salivary glands.

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CN VIII Vestibulocochlear

Sensory nerve responsible for hearing and balance. Damage to this nerve can cause hearing loss and dizziness.

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CN IX Glossopharyngeal

Mixed nerve. Responsible for taste to the posterior one-third of the tongue, sensation to the pharynx, and some motor functions of the throat, including the gag reflex.

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CN X Vagus

Mixed nerve. The longest cranial nerve. Responsible for sensory and motor function of the heart, lungs, and digestive tract. Also plays a role in speech and swallowing.

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CN XI Spinal Accessory

Motor nerve responsible for movement of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles, which control neck movement and shoulder elevation.

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CN XII Hypoglossal

Motor nerve responsible for tongue movement. Damage to this nerve can affect speech and swallowing.

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Optic Canal

The optic canal is a bony passage in the skull that allows the optic nerve to pass from the eye to the brain. It is located in the sphenoid bone.

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Supraorbital Fissure

The supraorbital fissure is a bony opening in the skull that allows several nerves and vessels to pass from the orbit (the bony cavity that houses the eye) to the face. It is located in the sphenoid bone.

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Foramen Rotundum

The foramen rotundum is a bony opening in the skull that allows the maxillary nerve (V2), a branch of the trigeminal nerve, to pass from the skull to the face.

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Foramen Ovale

The foramen ovale is a bony opening in the skull that allows the mandibular nerve (V3), a branch of the trigeminal nerve, to pass from the skull to the face.

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Internal Acoustic Meatus

The internal acoustic meatus is a bony canal in the temporal bone that allows the facial and vestibulocochlear nerves to pass from the skull to the inner ear.

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Jugular Foramen

The jugular foramen is a bony opening in the skull that allows the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and spinal accessory nerves to pass from the skull to the neck.

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Hypoglossal Canal

The hypoglossal canal is a bony passage in the skull that allows the hypoglossal nerve to pass from the skull to the tongue.

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Blood-Brain Barrier

A continuous lipid bilayer surrounding brain capillaries, isolating brain tissue from blood. It prevents harmful substances from entering the brain while allowing essential nutrients and gases to pass through.

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Blood-CSF Barrier

A protective barrier separating the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from blood. It allows free passage of water, gases, and lipid-soluble materials but restricts the passage of larger molecules.

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Hydrocephalus

A condition characterized by an excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the brain, leading to increased intracranial pressure.

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Circle of Willis

A ring-shaped network of arteries at the base of the brain, formed by an anastomosis of the internal carotid and vertebral arteries.

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Common Carotid Artery

The main artery supplying the head and neck, branching into internal and external carotid arteries.

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Internal Carotid Artery (ICA)

The branch of the common carotid artery that supplies the anterior part of the brain, eye, and associated structures.

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Ophthalmic Branch of ICA

A branch of the internal carotid artery supplying blood to the eye and surrounding structures.

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Choroidal Branch of ICA

A branch of the internal carotid artery that supplies the choroid plexus, crus cerebri, and other related structures.

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Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA)

The artery that supplies the medial cerebral surface, including parts of the frontal and parietal lobes.

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Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA)

The artery that supplies the lateral cerebral surface, including most motor areas except the legs.

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Vertebral Artery

The artery that ascends through the foramina of transverse processes of cervical vertebrae (C1-C6), enters the skull via the foramen magnum, and joins with its counterpart to form the basilar artery.

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Basilar Artery

The artery formed by the union of two vertebral arteries, located in the posterior pons. It supplies the pons, cerebellum, and other structures.

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Pontine Artery

A branch of the basilar artery supplying the pons.

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Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA)

A large branch of the vertebral artery supplying the undersurface of the cerebellum and central cerebellar nuclei.

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Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (AICA)

The largest branch of the vertebral artery, supplying the anterior and inferior parts of the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata.

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Study Notes

Neuroanatomy Post-Midterm Notes

  • Basal Nuclei are masses of gray matter located deep within the cerebral hemispheres. They play an indirect role in controlling posture and voluntary motor movements.

  • Functions:

    • Regulate motor and premotor cortical areas for smooth voluntary movement.
    • Maintain posture.
    • Facilitate voluntary movement and motor learning.
    • Influence coordinated positioning of the axial skeleton and skilled motor activities.
    • Dysfunction can lead to conditions like ballismus.

  • Corpus Striatum:

    • A C-shaped mass of gray matter situated laterally to the thalamus.
    • Separated from the lentiform nucleus by the internal capsule, which serves as an information processing pathway.
    • The head of the caudate nucleus is rounded and situated on the lateral wall of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, connected to the putamen.

  • Other related structures:

    • Substantia Nigra: Located in the midbrain, rich in neuromelanin (dark appearance). It has extensive connections to the corpus striatum and plays a role in motor control and reward. Degeneration in dopaminergic neurons is linked to Parkinson's disease.
    • Subthalamic Nuclei: Situated beneath the thalamus, they connect to the globus pallidus, influencing basal nuclei control over motor movements. They are glutaminergic (excitatory).

How Basal Nuclei Indirectly Control Movement

  • Afferent fibers from various parts of the brain (cortex, thalamus, brainstem, and substantia nigra) send information to the corpus striatum.
  • This information is channeled into the globus pallidus.
  • The globus pallidus then alters the activity of motor areas in the brainstem and cerebral cortex to modulate movement.

Connections of the Basal Nuclei: Afferent Fibers

  • Corpus Striatum: Receives input from the cerebral cortex, thalamus, subthalamus, brainstem, and substantia nigra.
    • Corticostriatal fibers
    • Thalamostriate fibers
    • Nigrostriatal fibers
    • Brainstem striatal fibers

Connections of the Basal Nuclei: Efferent Fibers

  • Corpus Striatum: Striatopallidal fibers and striatonigral fibers.
  • Globus Pallidus: Pallidofugal fibers, sending information to the thalamus and midbrain.

Key Points

  • The corpus striatum receives information from most of the cerebral cortex, thalamus, subthalamus, and brainstem.
  • This information influences motor areas of the brainstem and cerebral cortex via the globus pallidus.

Cranial Nerves

  • Part of the peripheral nervous system.
  • 12 pairs in total.
  • Exit skull at various foramina, except for Cranial Nerve X (vagus nerve). Its functions include innervating parts of the thorax and abdomen.
  • Sensory nerves typically start at a sensory organ, processing occurs in the cortex.

Meninges Protective Tissue Covering The Brain And Brainstem

  • Three layers protecting the brain and spinal cord: dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.
  • Dura mater: thick fibrous sheet lining the inner surface of the skull bone, extending to the second sacral vertebrae. It has two layers; endosteal/periosteal layer and meningeal layer .
  • Arachnoid mater: thin membranous layer situated between the dura mater and pia mater, filled with cerebrospinal fluid. Also contains Arachnoid villi, which function to drain cerebrospinal fluid and are located in the venous sinuses.
  • Pia mater: vascular membrane located beneath the arachnoid mater and adhering tightly to the surface of the brain and spinal cord.

Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid

  • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): clear colorless fluid produced by the brain, found in ventricles.
  • Ventricles: series of interconnected cavities in the central nervous system.
  • Cerebrospinal fluid serves both cushioning and protective roles, removes waste products, and aids in hormonal communication. It also regulates the pressure inside the brain.
  • Choroid plexus: cells within/around ventricles responsible for producing cerebrospinal fluid.
  • Flow of CSF: lateral ventricle, interventricular foramen, third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricle, subarachnoid space.

Arterial Blood supply of the Brain

  • Circle of Willis: anastomosis of blood vessels (internal carotid artery, vertebral artery), supplying the brain with constant blood supply.

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Neuroanatomy Post-Midterm Notes PDF

Description

This quiz covers essential concepts of neuroanatomy focusing on the basal nuclei, corpus striatum, and their functions. It explores how these structures contribute to motor control and the implications of their dysfunction. Ideal for students preparing for exams in neuroanatomy and related fields.

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