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Questions and Answers
What is the purpose of a full stop (period) in punctuation?
To mark the end of a sentence
A full stop is used at the end of the shortened form of a word. For example, 'p.' stands for ______.
page
What are some examples of words/abbreviations that use a full stop at the end?
Capital initials like BBC, UJK, and USA do not require full stops.
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What are the elements that go into the organization of a good paragraph?
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Define a paragraph and its central idea.
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English words of two or more syllables have at least one syllable that carries the main stress, indicated by a ____. (Use a single term)
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Having a topic sentence at the beginning of a paragraph makes it easier for both the writer and the reader to understand the central idea.
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What are the two circumstances that govern the relationship of living things in the sea?
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Under what circumstances would the Atlantic be packed with codfish within six years?
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How does nature prevent the Atlantic from being packed with codfish within six years?
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Suggest a title for the paragraph about the relationship of living things in the sea.
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Find the opposites of 'barrenness', 'terrestrial', 'very large'.
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What are some of the transitional devices used to express contrast?
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Man's relationship to the sea is no longer primitive.
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Match the characteristics shared by monkeys and man:
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What is the most important reason that man has been able to range widely across the earth?
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In the context of the passage, find a word with the same meaning as 'limited'.
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In the context of the passage, find a word which is the opposite of 'thrive'.
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Study Notes
Writing Good Paragraphs
- The aim of this unit is to help students write well-organized paragraphs, enabling them to write successfully in various forms of writing.
- A paragraph is a piece of writing unified by a central idea or theme, expressed by a topic sentence.
The Topic Sentence
- A topic sentence is a sentence that expresses the central idea of the paragraph.
- It can be placed at the beginning, middle, or end of the paragraph.
- The topic sentence helps both the writer and reader understand the paragraph's central idea.
- Example 1: "The vast majority of people, wherever they live and whatever their occupation, come in contact with animals in one way or another and have to deal with them."
Developing the Topic
- To develop the topic, add more information, explanations, examples, illustrations, etc. to the idea expressed in the topic sentence.
- Analysis of Example 1:
- Topic sentence: "The vast majority of people, wherever they live and whatever their occupation, come in contact with animals in one way or another and have to deal with them."
- Examples: hunter, farmer, fisherman, city dweller
- Summing up: Common bond between man and other creatures
Coherence
- An effective paragraph requires coherence, where the writer takes the reader logically and smoothly from one idea to the next.
- Transitional devices are used to bring about coherence between sentences.
- Examples of transitional devices: firstly, secondly, moreover, most important of all.
Exercise and Tips
- Read examples and analyze the topic sentence, elaboration, and summing up.
- Practice developing topics and using transitional devices to connect sentences.
- Write paragraphs of your own, choosing a topic and writing down all you know about it.
- Remember, every sentence should contribute to the central idea, which may be contained in the topic sentence.### Characteristics of Monkeys
- Can digest many kinds of food
- Can spread across different regions, e.g., from Dakar in the west to Ethiopia in the east, and south to the Cape of Good Hope
- Can thrive in different environments, e.g., forests, open cultivated fields, and heavily populated cities
- Rhesus macaque is equally at home in different environments
- Baboons have also spread widely across Africa
Transitional Devices
- Express result: therefore, as a result, consequently, thus, hence
- Give examples: for example, for instance, specifically, as an illustration
- Express comparison: similarly, likewise
- Express contrast: but, yet, still, however, nevertheless, on the other hand
- Express addition: moreover, furthermore, also, too, besides, in addition
- Indicate time: now, later, meanwhile, since then, after that, before that time
- Express sequence: first, second, third, then, next, finally
Sea's Possibilities for Man's Future
- The sea is estimated to be more productive than the land
- The oceans currently supply only one or two per cent of man's food
- Man's relationship to the sea is still primitive, with more to be learned
- Oyster growers set out beds of oysters and fence out the oyster's enemies to increase the yield
- People in the Philippines, Indonesia, Japan, and China already grow fish and prawns in freshwater ponds
- Man will have to farm the sea to meet the great needs of a rapidly expanding world population
Punctuation: The Full Stop
- The full stop is used to mark the end of a sentence
- It is also used at the end of the shortened form of a word, e.g., e.g. (exempli gratia = for example), p. (page), no. (number), vol. (volume), a.m. (ante meridiem = before midday), p.m. (post meridiem = after midday)
Key Words
- Adherence: connection in thoughts or words
- Elaboration: giving details
- Full stop: a point (.) marking the end of a sentence or a shortened form of a word
- Illustration: giving examples
- Objectivity: purpose
- Punctuation: the system of dividing written matter into sentences, phrases, etc. by using certain marks
- Topic: a subject for talk, writing, etc.
- Transitional: relating to the movement from one sentence to another
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Description
Learn how to write good paragraphs by understanding the key elements of paragraph organization, including the topic sentence, development, coherence, and punctuation.