Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following carpal bones is located in the proximal carpal row?
Which of the following carpal bones is located in the proximal carpal row?
- Capitate
- Pisiform (correct)
- Trapezium
- Hamate
What type of joint is the radiocarpal joint classified as?
What type of joint is the radiocarpal joint classified as?
- Synovial joint (correct)
- Ball-and-socket joint
- Hinge joint
- Fibrous joint
Which of the following is NOT a type of joint found in the hand?
Which of the following is NOT a type of joint found in the hand?
- Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint
- Interphalangeal (IP) joint
- Radioulnar joint (correct)
- Carpometacarpal (CMC) joint
Which of the following conditions is most likely to involve injury to the scaphoid bone?
Which of the following conditions is most likely to involve injury to the scaphoid bone?
What technique is most effective for assessing the range of motion at the wrist joint?
What technique is most effective for assessing the range of motion at the wrist joint?
What is the primary classification of motion at the distal radioulnar joint?
What is the primary classification of motion at the distal radioulnar joint?
Which joint in the wrist allows for both flexion and extension as well as radial and ulnar deviation?
Which joint in the wrist allows for both flexion and extension as well as radial and ulnar deviation?
What makes the first carpometacarpal (CMC) joint of the thumb unique compared to other joints?
What makes the first carpometacarpal (CMC) joint of the thumb unique compared to other joints?
How does the anatomical structure of the trapezium contribute to the function of the thumb?
How does the anatomical structure of the trapezium contribute to the function of the thumb?
In terms of physical examination techniques, which action encompasses the combination of abduction and flexion in the thumb?
In terms of physical examination techniques, which action encompasses the combination of abduction and flexion in the thumb?
What type of joint is the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint classified as?
What type of joint is the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint classified as?
Which degrees of motion are permitted by the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) and distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints?
Which degrees of motion are permitted by the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) and distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints?
What is the primary difference in range of motion (ROM) related to gender in hand function?
What is the primary difference in range of motion (ROM) related to gender in hand function?
Which of the following joints has the greatest freedom of motion?
Which of the following joints has the greatest freedom of motion?
What is the primary capsular pattern for the thumb's metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint?
What is the primary capsular pattern for the thumb's metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint?
Which carpal bone is located in the distal carpal row?
Which carpal bone is located in the distal carpal row?
Which of the following joints primarily allows for gliding movement between the carpal bones?
Which of the following joints primarily allows for gliding movement between the carpal bones?
What connects the distal radius to the carpal bones in the wrist joint?
What connects the distal radius to the carpal bones in the wrist joint?
Which of the following bones is NOT part of the proximal carpal row?
Which of the following bones is NOT part of the proximal carpal row?
Which joint is primarily responsible for flexion and extension in the fingers?
Which joint is primarily responsible for flexion and extension in the fingers?
What type of joint classification applies to the midcarpal joint?
What type of joint classification applies to the midcarpal joint?
Which of the following movements does NOT occur at the 1st carpometacarpal joint of the thumb?
Which of the following movements does NOT occur at the 1st carpometacarpal joint of the thumb?
How many degrees of freedom are found in the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb?
How many degrees of freedom are found in the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb?
Which motion combination defines opposition at the 1st CMC joint of the thumb?
Which motion combination defines opposition at the 1st CMC joint of the thumb?
What motions are primarily involved at the distal radioulnar joint?
What motions are primarily involved at the distal radioulnar joint?
What is the classification of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint in terms of motion freedom?
What is the classification of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint in terms of motion freedom?
Which movement is primarily associated with the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint?
Which movement is primarily associated with the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint?
In comparison to men, how does the range of motion (ROM) of women generally differ in hand function?
In comparison to men, how does the range of motion (ROM) of women generally differ in hand function?
What aspect of the thumb's CMC joint's classification allows for its distinct mobility compared to other joints?
What aspect of the thumb's CMC joint's classification allows for its distinct mobility compared to other joints?
What is the primary capsular pattern indicated for the thumb's metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint?
What is the primary capsular pattern indicated for the thumb's metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for flexing the fingers at the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for flexing the fingers at the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints?
Which condition is commonly associated with overuse of the extensor muscles of the wrist?
Which condition is commonly associated with overuse of the extensor muscles of the wrist?
Which intrinsic muscle of the hand is responsible for abducting the little finger?
Which intrinsic muscle of the hand is responsible for abducting the little finger?
What action is primarily performed by the lumbrical muscles in the hand?
What action is primarily performed by the lumbrical muscles in the hand?
Which muscle primarily innervates the anterior compartment flexors of the wrist and fingers?
Which muscle primarily innervates the anterior compartment flexors of the wrist and fingers?
Which muscle is NOT part of the common flexor tendon in the anterior forearm?
Which muscle is NOT part of the common flexor tendon in the anterior forearm?
Which intrinsic muscle group primarily aids in the adduction of fingers?
Which intrinsic muscle group primarily aids in the adduction of fingers?
What is the main role of the palmaris brevis muscle in the hand?
What is the main role of the palmaris brevis muscle in the hand?
Which muscle in the posterior forearm assists in extending the index finger?
Which muscle in the posterior forearm assists in extending the index finger?
Which muscle group is primarily responsible for thumb opposition?
Which muscle group is primarily responsible for thumb opposition?
Study Notes
Wrist and Hand Structure
- Bones
- Distal radius
- Distal Ulna
- Carpals (8)
- Scaphoid
- Lunate
- Triquetrum
- Pisiform
- Hamate
- Capitate
- Trapezoid
- Trapezium
- Metacarpals (5)
- Proximal phalanges (5)
- Middle phalanges (4)
- Distal phalanges (5)
- Carpal Rows
- Proximal carpal row (4): Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform
- Distal carpal row (4): Hamate, Capitate, Trapezoid, Trapezium
- Articulations
- Radiocarpal Joint
- Distal radius and TFCC/disc articulate with scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum
- Synovial joint
- Midcarpal Joint
- Located between proximal and distal carpal rows
- Synovial joint, allows rows to move as a unit
- Carpometacarpal (CMC) Joints
- Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) Joints
- Interphalangeal (IP) Joints
- Radiocarpal Joint
Wrist
-
Radiocarpal Joint
- Articulation of distal radius and TFCC/disc to scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum
- Synovial joint
-
Midcarpal Joint
- Located between the proximal and distal carpal rows
- Synovial joint, allows rows to move as a unit
Wrist Joints - Classification and Osteokinematics
| Joint | Classification | Degrees of Freedom | Motion(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Distal Radioulnar | Pivot | 1 | Pronation/Supination |
| Radiocarpal | Condyloid (biaxial) | 2 | Flexion/Extension, Radial/Ulnar Deviation |
| Midcarpal ("functional") | Condyloid | 2 | Flexion/Extension, Radial/Ulnar Deviation |
Thumb: 1st CMC Joint
- CMC joint of thumb: Trapezium and base of 1st metacarpal
- Trapezium is saddle-shaped
- 2 degrees of freedom (flexion/extension, abduction/adduction)
- Slight axial rotation
- Opposition: Abduction and flexion
Motions of the Thumb
- Extension
Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) Joints, Proximal & Distal Interphalangeal (PIP, DIP) Joints
Hand Joints - Classification and Osteokinematics
| Joint | Classification | Degrees of Freedom | Motion(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| MCP | Condyloid (biaxial) | 2 | Flexion/Extension, Abduction/Adduction |
| PIP and DIP | Hinge | 1 | Flexion/Extension |
| Carpometacarpal (CMC) | Saddle | 2 | Flexion/Extension, Abduction/Adduction |
| Thumb |
Capsular Patterns
- Wrist: Equal limits of flexion and extension, slight limit of radial and ulnar deviation
- Fingers: Equal flexion and extension
- Thumb CMC: Abduction and extension
- Thumb MCP: All, flexion greater than extension
- Thumb IP: All, flexion greater than extension
Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors
- Gradual decrease in ROM with age
- Women have slightly more ROM than men
- Right vs. Left hand
Wrist and Hand Anatomy
-
Bones:
- Distal radius and ulna form the wrist joint.
- Carpals (8): Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, hamate, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium.
- Metacarpals (5), Phalanges (14): Proximal (5), middle (4), and distal (5).
-
Carpal Rows:
- Proximal Row (4): Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform.
- Distal Row (4): Hamate, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium.
-
Articulations:
- Radiocarpal joint: Distal radius and TFCC/disc to scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum. Synovial joint.
- Midcarpal joint: Between proximal and distal carpal rows. Synovial joint, rows move as a unit.
- Carpometacarpal (CMC) joints: Between carpals and metacarpals.
- Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints: Between metacarpals and proximal phalanges.
- Interphalangeal (IP) joints: Between phalanges.
Wrist Joint Osteokinematics
- Radiocarpal joint: Condyloid, 2 degrees of freedom (flexion/extension, radial/ulnar deviation).
- Midcarpal joint: Condyloid, 2 degrees of freedom (flexion/extension, radial/ulnar deviation).
Thumb Joint Osteokinematics
- 1st CMC (thumb) joint: Saddle-shaped joint, 2 degrees of freedom (flexion/extension, abduction/adduction).
- Opposition: Thumb's abduction and flexion.
Hand Joint Osteokinematics
- MCP joints: Condyloid, 2 degrees of freedom (flexion/extension, abduction/adduction).
- PIP and DIP joints: Hinge, 1 degree of freedom (flexion/extension).
- Carpometacarpal (CMC) thumb joint: Saddle-shaped joint, 2 degrees of freedom (flexion/extension, abduction/adduction).
Capsular Patterns
- Wrist: Equal limits of flexion and extension, slight limit for radial and ulnar deviation.
- Fingers: Equal limits of flexion and extension.
- Thumb CMC: Abduction and extension limitations.
- Thumb MCP: Flexion greater than extension limitation.
- Thumb IP: Flexion greater than extension limitation.
Effects of Age, Gender, and other Factors
- Age: Gradual decrease in range of motion (ROM).
- Gender: Women generally have slightly greater ROM compared to men.
- Dominance: Right vs. left side difference in ROM is unclear.
Functional ROM
- Activities of daily living (ADLs) usually require wrist extension and ulnar deviation.
Muscles
- Anterior Compartment (flexors): Flex wrist and fingers (including thumb), innervated primarily by median nerve (with few exceptions).
- Posterior Compartment (extensors): Extend wrist and fingers (including thumb extension and abduction), innervated by radial nerve.
Anterior Forearm Muscles
- Flexor carpi radialis (FCR)
- Palmaris longus
- Flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU)
- Flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS)
- Flexor pollicis longus (FPL)
- Flexor digitorum profundus (FDP)
Flexor Muscle Actions
- **Flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS)**: Flexes PIP joints.
- **Flexor digitorum profundus (FDP):** Flexes DIP joints.
Posterior Forearm Muscles
- Extensor digitorum
- Extensor digiti minimi
- Extensor carpi ulnaris
- Extensor carpi radialis brevis
- Extensor indicis
- Extensor pollicis longus (EPL)
- Extensor pollicis brevis (EPB)
- Abductor pollicis longus (APL)
Intrinsic Hand Muscles
- Thenar muscles: Abductor pollicis brevis (APB), opponens pollicis (OP), flexor pollicis brevis (FPB), adductor pollicis.
- Hypothenar muscles: Abductor digiti minimi (ADM), flexor digiti minimi (brevis), opponens digiti minimi.
- Other: Palmaris brevis, adductor pollicis.
- Short muscles: Interossei, Lumbricals.
Intrinsic Muscle Actions
- Thenar: Thumb movement.
- Hypothenar: Little finger movement.
- Interossei: Adduct (Palmar) and abduct (Dorsal) fingers 2, 3, 4, 5.
- Lumbricals: Flex MCP joints, extend PIP and DIP joints.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the wrist and hand, including the bones, carpal rows, and various articulations. This quiz covers essential details about the radiocarpal, midcarpal, and metacarpophalangeal joints. Perfect for students studying human anatomy or physiotherapy.
