Matter Test

Study Notes

Anything that has mass and takes up space.
Composed of atoms, which are made of subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Protons are positively charged, neutrons are neutral, and electrons are negatively charged.
Protons and neutrons are much larger than electrons.
The atomic number of an element is the number of protons, which determines what type of atom it is.
The mass number of an element is the total number of protons and neutrons.

Matter can be classified into two main categories: Pure Substances and Mixtures.
Pure substances consist solely of one type of atom or molecule, while mixtures contain two or more different types of substances.
Mixtures can be homogeneous (even distribution of components, like salt water) or heterogeneous (uneven distribution of components, like sand and water).
A solute is the substance being dissolved (e.g., sugar), a solvent is the substance that dissolves the solute (e.g., water), and a solution is the homogeneous mixture of the solute and solvent (e.g., sugar water).

Matter exists in four states: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.
Solids have a fixed shape and volume, with particles vibrating in a fixed position.
Liquids have a fixed volume but take the shape of their container, with particles moving around but close together.
Gases have no fixed shape or volume, with particles far apart and moving rapidly.
Plasma is a superheated matter where particles move so quickly they collide, break apart, and become electronically charged.

Phase changes are transformations between states of matter, caused by adding or removing energy.
Melting is the change from solid to liquid, caused by adding heat energy.
Freezing is the change from liquid to solid, caused by removing heat energy.
Vaporization is the change from liquid to gas, caused by adding heat energy.
Condensation is the change from gas to liquid, caused by removing heat energy.
Sublimation is the change from solid directly to gas, caused by adding heat energy.
Deposition is the change from gas directly to solid, caused by removing heat energy.
Vaporization can occur through boiling, where the liquid reaches a specific temperature, or evaporation, where the liquid changes to a gas at the surface.

Physical Changes only alter the appearance or form of a substance, not its chemical composition. Examples include melting, freezing, crushing, polishing, cutting, dissolving, and bending.
Chemical Changes involve the formation of new substances with different chemical compositions. Examples include rotting food, photosynthesis, and rusting metal.
Nuclear Changes involve changes to the nucleus of an atom, producing new elements and releasing large amounts of energy. Examples include radioactive decay, nuclear fission, and nuclear fusion.

The Law of Conservation of Mass states that matter and energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
This means that the total mass of reactants in a chemical reaction must equal the total mass of the products.

Mass is the amount of matter in an object, measured in grams (g) or kilograms (kg).
Weight is the force exerted on an object due to gravity, measured in Newtons (N).
Volume is the amount of space an object occupies, measured in milliliters (mL) or cubic centimeters (cm³).
Density is the ratio of an object's mass to its volume, measured in grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm³).

Mass is measured using a digital scale.
Weight is measured using a spring scale.
Volume is measured using tools like beakers, Erlenmeyer flasks, and graduated cylinders.