World War II: Causes and Alliances

• The Treaty of Versailles was established after World War I hoping to achieve world peace.
• The treaty became weak even though it was made up of 60 countries because some of its laws were not implemented.
• Leaders of Germany, Italy, and Japan desired power more than peace, igniting World War II

Alliances of WWII

• Allied Powers included Great Britain, France, China, Soviet Union (from 1941), and the United States (from 1941).
• Axis Powers included Germany, Italy, and Japan.

Fascist Aggression

• The Treaty of Versailles for Germany included disarmament, loss of colonies, and payment of large sums.

Adolf Hitler

• Adolf Hitler promised to destroy the Treaty of Versailles upon gaining power in Germany.
• He strengthened the military as the first step in restoring German power.

Fascism

• Fascism is an ideology that emphasizes nationalism and promotes the rights and welfare of the state over the welfare of citizens.

Japanese Aggression

• Japan was expanding its territory in the Pacific.
• Japan planned to add conquered lands to the mainland to form the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere.
• The invasion of Poland by Hitler was one of the causes of WWII.
• France and Britain sought help from Russia, unaware of the Nazi-Soviet Pact.

Nazi-Soviet Pact

• The Nazi-Soviet Pact was an agreement that allowed Germany to invade, with parts of Eastern Europe going to Russia.

The War

• Nazi forces invaded Poland.
• Britain and France declared war.
• Hitler initiated Blitzkrieg or Lightning War.
• Germany disregarded the Nazi-Soviet Pact, and Russia sided with the Allied Powers.

The Expansion of War: Attack on the United States

• Japan sided with Germany to fight the United States, which was an obstacle to Japan's territorial expansion.
• Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, an American military base in Hawaii.

The Expansion of War: The USA Joins World War II

• The Allied Powers planned a surprise attack on Axis-controlled territories in France.
• This was known as D-Day.

The Expansion of War: Japan Invades the Philippines

• The Japanese invaded Clark Field, Pampanga, and Nichols Air Base in Pasay.
• Davao, Baguio, Tarlac, Tuguegarao, and Manila were bombed.

General Douglas MacArthur

• Douglas MacArthur declared Manila an "Open City" to stop the bombing.
• The Japanese disregarded this and continued to invade the city.

Results of World War II

• The Potsdam Declaration was signed by President Harry S. Truman of America, Prime Minister Winston Churchill of Britain, and Chiang Kai-shek of China.
• The declaration gave Japan an ultimatum to surrender or face severe destruction.

Bombing of Japan Cities

• Japan ignored the ultimatum, resulting the dropping of the first bomb on Hiroshima.
• A second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, Japan.
• Emperor Michinomiya Hirohito led Japan's surrender.

Efforts of Nations to Achieve World Peace

• Many Nazi leaders were arrested and executed for crimes against humanity, such as the Holocaust and concentration camps killings.

United Nations

• The United Nations Organization was established after World War II, led by the Big Three: Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin.
• The constitution of the United Nations was also signed.

United Nations

• The United Nations was officially founded on October 24, 1945.
• October 24th is celebrated annually as "United Nations Day.”
• The aim of the UN is to maintain international peace and security.
• To develop friendship among nations, based on equal rights for all people.
• To achieve international cooperation in solving humanity's economic, social, and human problems.
• To assist countries in making peace and friendship agreements.
• Member countries of the UN are Japan, Germany, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, USA, UAE, Brazil, and Norway.
• It consists of 193 countries.

European Union

• The European Union is an organization that has helped stabilize economic integration and strengthen cooperation among its member countries.
• The EU headquarters are located in Brussels, Belgium.
• Member countries of the EU are Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Republic of Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, and France.
• The aims of the European Union are to develop and expand cooperation among member countries in the fields of economy, foreign policy, peace, defense, and justice issues.
• One of its goals is to standardize the continent's currency to Euro.

Organization of the Islamic Cooperation (OIC)

• The OIC aims to safeguard and protect the interests of the Muslim world towards international peace and reconciliation.
• To preserve the social and economic values ​​of Islam.
• To promote cooperation in the social, economic, cultural, scientific and political fields.
• To strengthen international peace and security.
• To promote education, especially in the fields of science and technology.
• Member countries of the OIC are Algeria, Bahrain, The Comoros Islands, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, and Lebanon.

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

• ASEAN was founded in Bangkok, Thailand, consisting of Ten Countries in Southeast Asia.
• The aim of ASEAN is to maintain and protect peace, security and stability and further strengthen values ​​towards peace in the region.
• The objective is to develop the ASEAN member countries and strengthen Democracy in the countries.
• Member countries are Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, The Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, And Vietnam.

Organization of African Unity

• The OAU was founded in 1963 with the aim of ending colonialism and peacefully economic, cultural, and political cooperation throughout Africa.
• Member countries are Libya, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia, Ghana, Guinea, Benin Burkina Faso, Cameroon, and Central African Republic.

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

• It lasted from 1948 to 1995.
• Quota preferential trade
• Transferred to WTO (World Trade Organization) in 1995.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

• The trading system should be free of discrimination.
• Emphasizes the freedom of the trading system.
• To mediate between countries in dispute regarding policies.
• Trade Sanction

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

• It is an international institution in the monetary system.
• Overseer of exchange rates.
• Manager of Balance of payments.

World Bank

• It lends and lends to countries in need for the change and adjustment of the economy.

Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)

• Consisting of 21 countries.
• The organization also promotes the formation of economic development.
• Member countries of which are Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Canada Chile, People's Republic of China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, and The Philippines.

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

• It is an international organization whose main task is to regulate the policies regarding the oil of the member countries.
• Member countries: Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela.