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Questions and Answers
What was the outcome of the German advance towards Paris during World War I?
Which battle is considered a decisive turning point for the Allies on the western front in 1914?
What was a significant consequence of the Russian defeats at Tannenburg and the Masurian Lakes?
What effect did Turkey's entry into World War I have on Russia?
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What was one of the main reasons for the stalemate in the west in 1915?
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Why did the Germans have trouble supplying their armies during their advance towards Paris?
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What was the state of the Russian army by the end of 1914 regarding equipment?
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What did the German military leadership do in response to early Russian successes?
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What was a major factor that contributed to the failure of attacks on the western front until 1918?
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What was one consequence of the barbed wire in no-man's land during trench warfare?
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Which campaign aimed to clear the Dardanelles and support Russia during World War I?
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Why did the first Anglo-French naval attack at the Dardanelles fail in March?
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What was a major reason for the Russian defeats against the Germans?
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In what way did trench warfare alter traditional military tactics?
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What role was Winston Churchill advocating regarding the Gallipoli Campaign?
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What happened to the positions held by Anzac troops during the Gallipoli Campaign?
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What was a likely consequence of the Allied morale being affected during the war?
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Which event occurred in May 1915 regarding Italy's involvement in World War I?
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What was the primary objective of the British army sent to Mesopotamia in 1915?
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What was the outcome of the Battle of Verdun for the Germans?
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What was the aim of the Battle of the Somme?
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How did the Allies view the potential involvement of Italy in the war?
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Which of the following best describes the condition of the British army during the siege at Kut-el-Amara?
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During the battles mentioned, which major city was the British army trying to capture?
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What was the initial response of British Commander-in-Chief Haig to the devastating attack?
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What significant military power change did Germany realize as a result of the battle?
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How many total casualties did the Germans incur during the battle?
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What was the primary criticism directed at Haig by historians?
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Which phrase was used to describe the British army during the campaign?
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What was Haig's eventual contribution to the war effort by 1918?
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What was the primary outcome in terms of territorial advancement after four months of battle?
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What was the outcome of the Battle of Jutland?
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What historical consequence did the horrors of the Somme have on the British leadership?
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Why did the Germans opt for 'unrestricted' submarine warfare?
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What was a significant consequence of the German submarine campaign by April 1917?
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What tactic did Lloyd George insist the Admiralty adopt to protect merchant ships?
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What effect did American protests have on German naval strategy?
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What was the numerical loss of ships for both fleets during the Battle of Jutland?
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What was the impact of the German High Seas Fleet's decision after the Battle of Jutland?
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What was a major objective of the German submarine warfare campaign?
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Study Notes
The Importance of the Delay
- This delay allowed the British time to organize themselves and left the Channel ports free for the British Expeditionary Force to land.
- The Germans were forced to head straight for Paris, instead of capturing the Channel ports as intended by the Schlieffen Plan.
- Though the Germans reached within twenty miles of Paris, they slowed down due to supply issues and troop exhaustion.
The Battle of the Marne
- The French attacked the faltering Germans in the Battle of the Marne, driving them back to the River Aisne.
- This battle effectively destroyed the Schlieffen Plan, prolonging the war.
The Eastern Front in 1914
- The Russians mobilized faster than the Germans expected, but made the mistake of invading Austria and Germany simultaneously.
- The Germans, led by Hindenburg, decisively defeated the Russians at Tannenburg and the Masurian Lakes.
- This resulted in a major setback for Russia, severely depleting their equipment and ammunition.
- The Russian army struggled to recover from these defeats, while German confidence soared.
The Eastern Front in 1915
- Russia continued to struggle against Germany, suffering further defeats.
- Russian fortunes were mixed against Austria, but they fell short against German forces.
- The Turks were successful in blockading the Dardanelles, cutting off Russia's supply route.
The Gallipoli Campaign
- This naval and land invasion was launched to break the deadlock on the Western Front and relieve pressure on Russia.
- The campaign was a complete failure due to Turkish resistance and the failure of the surprise element.
- The consequences were grave; it was a demoralizing blow to the Allies, missed opportunity to help Russia, and encouraged Bulgaria to join the Central Powers.
- The French and British landed in Salonika to help Serbia, but it was too late.
- Bulgaria's entry into the war led to Serbia's swift defeat.
The Western Front in 1915
- In the West, the stalemate continued with several failed attempts to break through the trench lines.
- The main challenges of trench warfare:
- Barbed wire: Removed the possibility of surprise attacks as it could be easily seen and targeted by artillery fire.
- Reconnaissance aircraft: Could easily spot troop movements.
- Machine guns: Made frontal assaults extremely difficult, rendering cavalry ineffective.
The Italian War on Austria-Hungary
- Italy hoped to seize Austrian territory in a secret treaty with the Allies.
- Their attempts gained little ground and did not relieve pressure on the Russians.
The Western Front in 1916
- The year saw two major battles: Verdun and the Somme.
The Battle of Verdun
- The Germans attempted to draw all the best French troops to Verdun and destroy them.
- The French under Pétain defended fiercely, forcing the Germans to abandon the attack.
- The Germans suffered heavy losses, but so did the French.
The Battle of the Somme
- This series of attacks aimed to relieve pressure on Verdun, capture more trench lines, and keep the Germans occupied.
- The initial attack was disastrously costly for the British.
- The Allies made limited territorial gains but inflicted heavy casualties on the Germans, which boosted Allied confidence.
- The heavy losses fueled criticism against Allied generals.
The Battle of Jutland
- This was the only major engagement between the British and German fleets.
- The Germans failed to achieve a decisive victory, maintaining Britain's control of the seas.
'Unrestricted' Submarine Warfare
- Germany's use of unrestricted submarine warfare was highly effective in crippling Allied shipping.
- Though the Germans knew it would likely bring the USA into the war, they hoped to starve Britain into surrender before US intervention.
- The British adopted a convoy system to counter this threat, mitigating its effectiveness.
The Fall of Asquith
- Public criticism of British tactics, particularly at the Somme, led to the resignation of Prime Minister Asquith.
Bethmann's Modified Submarine Campaign
- American protests forced Germany to modify their submarine warfare strategy, reducing its effectiveness.
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Description
Explore the key events of World War I in 1914, including the significance of the initial delays in the German advance and the pivotal Battle of the Marne that altered the course of the war. Learn about the Eastern Front dynamics and the major defeats suffered by Russia. Assess the impact of these events on the progress of the war.