World Society History Chapter 14 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

By the end of the ninth century, Muslims had established settlements in which of the following places? (Select all that apply)

Southern France (correct)

Spain (correct)

Sicily (correct)

Germany

What was simony?

Sale of church offices

What did the Crusaders do to the inhabitants of Jerusalem when they conquered the city in 1099?

Slaughtered most of them, including women and children

Most towns in medieval Europe developed around what activity?

Trade Signup and view all the answers

What text is associated with Thomas Aquinas?

Summa Theologica Signup and view all the answers

Where did the plague, or the Black Death, likely originate?

China Signup and view all the answers

What decision regarding the organization of the Roman Catholic Church was made by the Lateran Council of 1059?

To give the college of cardinals the power to elect the pope Signup and view all the answers

Who sponsored the eleventh- and early twelfth-century Crusades?

The papacy Signup and view all the answers

How did the serf population in medieval Europe compare to that of China and India?

Probably over 90 percent of the population of all three societies was serfs. Signup and view all the answers

How did the Scholastics of medieval Europe arrive at a philosophical truth?

They combined the authority of previous thinkers and faith. Signup and view all the answers

Who did Joan of Arc claim spoke to her and encouraged her to fight for Charles VII?

Saints Michael, Catherine, and Margaret Signup and view all the answers

As kings lost power and prestige in ninth-century Europe, what group gained influence?

Local nobles Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements illustrates how the church dominated the everyday lives of the people of medieval Europe?

Wedding feasts and celebrations were held in the churchyard. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements explains why European Christians were enticed to fight in the Crusades?

Crusaders were promised forgiveness for their sins. Signup and view all the answers

How did medieval scholars categorize Christian society?

In three groups: monks, nobles, and peasants Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of Gothic architecture differentiated that style from its Romanesque predecessor?

Pointed arches Signup and view all the answers

What was the immediate cause of the Great Famine of 1315-1322 in Europe?

Colder and wetter weather Signup and view all the answers

In the context of ninth-century Europe, what is a vassal?

Knight who swore loyalty to a lord Signup and view all the answers

Which issue spurred the conflict between Pope Gregory VII and King Henry IV of Germany in the 1070s?

Who had the right to make church appointments Signup and view all the answers

What impact did the Crusades and their aftermath have on European Jews?

Jews experienced legal discrimination throughout Europe. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was expected of noblewomen in the European Middle Ages?

Managing the estate and the household economy Signup and view all the answers

What limited university education to men, and excluded women from higher education, in the Middle Ages?

University students were all technically members of the clergy Signup and view all the answers

What were Jews accused of doing to cause the Black Death in the fourteenth century?

Poisoning wells Signup and view all the answers

What precedent did France's Louis IX set by establishing the Parlement of Paris?

Supremacy of royal law Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a consequence of the Christian reconquista of Spain?

The sixteenth-century justification of colonizing territories in the New World Signup and view all the answers

Why is the Fourth Crusade so controversial?

Constantinople was sacked. Signup and view all the answers

In addition to non-Christians, the threefold category model of medieval society leaves out which group?

Townspeople and merchants Signup and view all the answers

What purpose did medieval cathedrals and churches serve?

They were the center of religious, political, and social life. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following contributed to the Jacquerie of 1358?

Taxes to pay for the Hundred Years' War Signup and view all the answers

Why did King William I of England order compilation of the Domesday Book in 1085?

To determine the amount of property and who owned it Signup and view all the answers

Which pope ordered priests to give up their wives and children or face dismissal?

Gregory VII Signup and view all the answers

After the Muslims retook Jerusalem in 1187, how did the Crusader states remain important to Europe?

Economically Signup and view all the answers

What was chivalry in the context of the European Middle Ages?

Code of conduct for knights that prescribed loyalty and other behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary field of study in the university at Salerno, Italy?

Medicine Signup and view all the answers

Who put Joan of Arc on trial for heresy and had her executed in 1431?

The English Signup and view all the answers

What two factors contributed to the weakening of kingship in the old Carolingian Empire in the ninth century?

Civil wars and invasions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a consequence of the Christian reconquista of Spain?

Anti-Muslim and anti-Jewish legislation Signup and view all the answers

On what basis was the First Crusade (1095-1099) considered successful?

Jerusalem was captured, and several 'Crusader states' were established. Signup and view all the answers

What were two primary reasons for urban growth in the eleventh century?

Rise in population and increased agricultural output Signup and view all the answers

How do Muslims view the Crusades?

As an aggressive expansion of Christian Europe Signup and view all the answers

Why did the English king Henry II have strong claims to large amounts of French territory?

As a result of inheritance and marriage Signup and view all the answers

Which Viking made England the center of his empire from 1016 to 1035, promoting a policy of assimilation and reconciliation between the Anglo-Saxons and Vikings?

Canute Signup and view all the answers

What are two primary reasons Pope Urban II launched the First Crusade in 1095?

To show his own political and spiritual strength and reunite the Roman and eastern churches Signup and view all the answers

Which saint became the most important among Christians?

Mary Signup and view all the answers

In what way did German ruler Henry IV emerge victorious from his struggle with Pope Gregory VII over the appointment of church officials?

He was crowned Holy Roman emperor. Signup and view all the answers

What group targeted European monasteries and convents during the ninth and tenth centuries?

Vikings Signup and view all the answers

What did William of Normandy conquer in 1066?

England Signup and view all the answers

What was Henry II's most important contribution to his country's legal system?

He encouraged the development of a single legal code for all of England. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements describes the end of the Magyar invasions in central Europe in the eleventh century?

They settled down in Eastern Europe. Signup and view all the answers

Under Pope Gregory VII's reform, what punishment was merited by a ruler who appointed a church official after the church had banned the practice?

Excommunication Signup and view all the answers

One of the negative consequences of the Crusades was the targeting of what group in Europe with legal restraints and violence?

Jews Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes serfdom in Europe during the Middle Ages?

Serfs were bound to the land they worked for the lord. Signup and view all the answers

What did reforming popes of the eleventh century believe was responsible for the moral laxity of church leadership?

Secular control and influence over the church Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary staple of a medieval European peasant's diet?

Bread Signup and view all the answers

Why were there several waves of reform that swept over the monasteries of Europe throughout the Middle Ages?

Monasteries grew wealthy and too concerned with secular matters. Signup and view all the answers

What was the ultimate impact of the Fourth Crusade on the Byzantine Empire?

It split into three parts and was eventually reduced to Constantinople. Signup and view all the answers

Why did the Carolingian Empire have such a difficult time defending against the Vikings?

The Carolingians did not have a navy to hold off Viking ships. Signup and view all the answers

How did students in medieval schools and universities prove that they were ready to be teachers themselves?

They passed a series of oral exams. Signup and view all the answers

How did the Great Famine of 1315-1322 influence the impact of the Black Death on Europe?

The population of Europe was weakened by hunger as a result of the Great Famine and more vulnerable to disease. Signup and view all the answers

How did manorialism differ from feudalism in early medieval Europe?

Manorialism was a rural economic system, whereas feudalism was a political system that defined military obligations. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Muslim Settlements

By the end of the ninth century, Muslims established settlements in Spain, Sicily, and southern France.

Church Practices and Influence

Simony refers to the sale of church offices, undermining the integrity of religious leadership.
The Lateran Council of 1059 empowered the college of cardinals to elect the pope, centralizing church governance.
Priests were ordered by Pope Gregory VII to abandon wives and children or face dismissal, enforcing clerical celibacy.

The Crusades

Crusaders massacred inhabitants of Jerusalem, including women and children, during the conquest in 1099.
Motivations for the Crusades included promises of sin forgiveness for participating Christians, driven by papal sponsorship.
The Fourth Crusade controversially involved the sacking of Constantinople.

Medieval European society was categorized into three groups: monks, nobles, and peasants, excluding townspeople and merchants.
Serfdom bound peasants to the land, with over 90 percent of the population in this status, similar to China and India.

Architecture and Education

Gothic architecture is characterized by pointed arches, distinguishing it from Romanesque styles.
Salerno, Italy, was known for its primary field of study: medicine.
University education was predominantly male, as students were technically all members of the clergy.

Historical Events and Figures

The Black Death likely originated in China, devastating Europe and leading to widespread accusations against Jews, such as poisoning wells.
Joan of Arc claimed to be guided by Saints Michael, Catherine, and Margaret in her fight for Charles VII.
Civil wars and invasions weakened kingship in the Carolingian Empire during the ninth century, increasing local noble power.

Economic and Agricultural Changes

Most medieval towns formed around trade, spurred by a rise in population and enhanced agricultural output.
The Great Famine (1315-1322) was caused by colder, wetter weather, making the population more vulnerable to the Black Death.

Legal and Political Developments

Louis IX of France established the Parlement of Paris, setting a precedent for the supremacy of royal law.
King Henry II of England's most significant contribution was promoting a unified legal code for England, stemming from land inheritance and marriage.

Cultural and Religious Dynamics

The church dominated daily life, with weddings and celebrations frequently occurring in churchyards.
Chivalry defined a code of conduct for knights, underscoring loyalty and behavior expectations.

Jewish Relations and Discrimination

The aftermath of the Crusades led to legal discrimination against Jews, who faced violence and restrictions.
Anti-Muslim and anti-Jewish legislation emerged as a consequence of the Christian reconquista of Spain.

Universities and Scholasticism

Medieval scholars, known as Scholastics, arrived at philosophical truths by merging faith with the authority of past thinkers.
Students in medieval universities demonstrated readiness to teach by passing oral exams.

Struggles for Power

Pope Gregory VII and King Henry IV of Germany clashed over the rights to make church appointments, highlighting tensions between secular and ecclesiastical powers.
The targeting of monasteries and convents by Vikings in the ninth and tenth centuries disrupted religious communities.

Consequences of Events

The Great Famine exacerbated the impact of the Black Death, as a weakened population succumbed more easily to disease.
Anti-Jewish sentiments intensified during the Black Death, resulting in targeted violence and legal restrictions in Europe.

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Test your knowledge with these flashcards focusing on Chapter 14 of the History of World Society. This chapter delves into Europe during the Middle Ages, covering key events and concepts from 800 to 1450. Challenge yourself on important topics like the Crusades, simony, and Muslim settlements in Europe.

World Society History Chapter 14 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

By the end of the ninth century, Muslims had established settlements in which of the following places? (Select all that apply)

What was simony?

What did the Crusaders do to the inhabitants of Jerusalem when they conquered the city in 1099?

Most towns in medieval Europe developed around what activity?

What text is associated with Thomas Aquinas?

Where did the plague, or the Black Death, likely originate?

What decision regarding the organization of the Roman Catholic Church was made by the Lateran Council of 1059?

Who sponsored the eleventh- and early twelfth-century Crusades?

How did the serf population in medieval Europe compare to that of China and India?

How did the Scholastics of medieval Europe arrive at a philosophical truth?

Who did Joan of Arc claim spoke to her and encouraged her to fight for Charles VII?

As kings lost power and prestige in ninth-century Europe, what group gained influence?

Which of the following statements illustrates how the church dominated the everyday lives of the people of medieval Europe?

Which of the following statements explains why European Christians were enticed to fight in the Crusades?

How did medieval scholars categorize Christian society?

What characteristic of Gothic architecture differentiated that style from its Romanesque predecessor?

What was the immediate cause of the Great Famine of 1315-1322 in Europe?

In the context of ninth-century Europe, what is a vassal?

Which issue spurred the conflict between Pope Gregory VII and King Henry IV of Germany in the 1070s?

What impact did the Crusades and their aftermath have on European Jews?

Which of the following was expected of noblewomen in the European Middle Ages?

What limited university education to men, and excluded women from higher education, in the Middle Ages?

What were Jews accused of doing to cause the Black Death in the fourteenth century?

What precedent did France's Louis IX set by establishing the Parlement of Paris?

Which of the following was a consequence of the Christian reconquista of Spain?

Why is the Fourth Crusade so controversial?

In addition to non-Christians, the threefold category model of medieval society leaves out which group?

What purpose did medieval cathedrals and churches serve?

Which of the following contributed to the Jacquerie of 1358?

Why did King William I of England order compilation of the Domesday Book in 1085?

Which pope ordered priests to give up their wives and children or face dismissal?

After the Muslims retook Jerusalem in 1187, how did the Crusader states remain important to Europe?

What was chivalry in the context of the European Middle Ages?

What was the primary field of study in the university at Salerno, Italy?

Who put Joan of Arc on trial for heresy and had her executed in 1431?

What two factors contributed to the weakening of kingship in the old Carolingian Empire in the ninth century?

Which of the following was a consequence of the Christian reconquista of Spain?

On what basis was the First Crusade (1095-1099) considered successful?

What were two primary reasons for urban growth in the eleventh century?

How do Muslims view the Crusades?

Why did the English king Henry II have strong claims to large amounts of French territory?

Which Viking made England the center of his empire from 1016 to 1035, promoting a policy of assimilation and reconciliation between the Anglo-Saxons and Vikings?

What are two primary reasons Pope Urban II launched the First Crusade in 1095?

Which saint became the most important among Christians?

In what way did German ruler Henry IV emerge victorious from his struggle with Pope Gregory VII over the appointment of church officials?

What group targeted European monasteries and convents during the ninth and tenth centuries?

What did William of Normandy conquer in 1066?

What was Henry II's most important contribution to his country's legal system?

Which of the following statements describes the end of the Magyar invasions in central Europe in the eleventh century?

Under Pope Gregory VII's reform, what punishment was merited by a ruler who appointed a church official after the church had banned the practice?

One of the negative consequences of the Crusades was the targeting of what group in Europe with legal restraints and violence?

Which of the following statements best describes serfdom in Europe during the Middle Ages?

What did reforming popes of the eleventh century believe was responsible for the moral laxity of church leadership?

What was the primary staple of a medieval European peasant's diet?

Why were there several waves of reform that swept over the monasteries of Europe throughout the Middle Ages?

What was the ultimate impact of the Fourth Crusade on the Byzantine Empire?

Why did the Carolingian Empire have such a difficult time defending against the Vikings?

How did students in medieval schools and universities prove that they were ready to be teachers themselves?

How did the Great Famine of 1315-1322 influence the impact of the Black Death on Europe?

How did manorialism differ from feudalism in early medieval Europe?

Study Notes

Muslim Settlements

Church Practices and Influence

The Crusades

Social Structure

Architecture and Education

Historical Events and Figures

Economic and Agricultural Changes

Legal and Political Developments

Cultural and Religious Dynamics

Jewish Relations and Discrimination

Universities and Scholasticism

Struggles for Power

Consequences of Events

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Description

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