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Questions and Answers
By the end of the ninth century, Muslims had established settlements in which of the following places? (Select all that apply)
By the end of the ninth century, Muslims had established settlements in which of the following places? (Select all that apply)
What was simony?
What was simony?
Sale of church offices
What did the Crusaders do to the inhabitants of Jerusalem when they conquered the city in 1099?
What did the Crusaders do to the inhabitants of Jerusalem when they conquered the city in 1099?
Slaughtered most of them, including women and children
Most towns in medieval Europe developed around what activity?
Most towns in medieval Europe developed around what activity?
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What text is associated with Thomas Aquinas?
What text is associated with Thomas Aquinas?
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Where did the plague, or the Black Death, likely originate?
Where did the plague, or the Black Death, likely originate?
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What decision regarding the organization of the Roman Catholic Church was made by the Lateran Council of 1059?
What decision regarding the organization of the Roman Catholic Church was made by the Lateran Council of 1059?
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Who sponsored the eleventh- and early twelfth-century Crusades?
Who sponsored the eleventh- and early twelfth-century Crusades?
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How did the serf population in medieval Europe compare to that of China and India?
How did the serf population in medieval Europe compare to that of China and India?
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How did the Scholastics of medieval Europe arrive at a philosophical truth?
How did the Scholastics of medieval Europe arrive at a philosophical truth?
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Who did Joan of Arc claim spoke to her and encouraged her to fight for Charles VII?
Who did Joan of Arc claim spoke to her and encouraged her to fight for Charles VII?
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As kings lost power and prestige in ninth-century Europe, what group gained influence?
As kings lost power and prestige in ninth-century Europe, what group gained influence?
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Which of the following statements illustrates how the church dominated the everyday lives of the people of medieval Europe?
Which of the following statements illustrates how the church dominated the everyday lives of the people of medieval Europe?
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Which of the following statements explains why European Christians were enticed to fight in the Crusades?
Which of the following statements explains why European Christians were enticed to fight in the Crusades?
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How did medieval scholars categorize Christian society?
How did medieval scholars categorize Christian society?
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What characteristic of Gothic architecture differentiated that style from its Romanesque predecessor?
What characteristic of Gothic architecture differentiated that style from its Romanesque predecessor?
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What was the immediate cause of the Great Famine of 1315-1322 in Europe?
What was the immediate cause of the Great Famine of 1315-1322 in Europe?
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In the context of ninth-century Europe, what is a vassal?
In the context of ninth-century Europe, what is a vassal?
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Which issue spurred the conflict between Pope Gregory VII and King Henry IV of Germany in the 1070s?
Which issue spurred the conflict between Pope Gregory VII and King Henry IV of Germany in the 1070s?
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What impact did the Crusades and their aftermath have on European Jews?
What impact did the Crusades and their aftermath have on European Jews?
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Which of the following was expected of noblewomen in the European Middle Ages?
Which of the following was expected of noblewomen in the European Middle Ages?
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What limited university education to men, and excluded women from higher education, in the Middle Ages?
What limited university education to men, and excluded women from higher education, in the Middle Ages?
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What were Jews accused of doing to cause the Black Death in the fourteenth century?
What were Jews accused of doing to cause the Black Death in the fourteenth century?
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What precedent did France's Louis IX set by establishing the Parlement of Paris?
What precedent did France's Louis IX set by establishing the Parlement of Paris?
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Which of the following was a consequence of the Christian reconquista of Spain?
Which of the following was a consequence of the Christian reconquista of Spain?
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Why is the Fourth Crusade so controversial?
Why is the Fourth Crusade so controversial?
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In addition to non-Christians, the threefold category model of medieval society leaves out which group?
In addition to non-Christians, the threefold category model of medieval society leaves out which group?
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What purpose did medieval cathedrals and churches serve?
What purpose did medieval cathedrals and churches serve?
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Which of the following contributed to the Jacquerie of 1358?
Which of the following contributed to the Jacquerie of 1358?
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Why did King William I of England order compilation of the Domesday Book in 1085?
Why did King William I of England order compilation of the Domesday Book in 1085?
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Which pope ordered priests to give up their wives and children or face dismissal?
Which pope ordered priests to give up their wives and children or face dismissal?
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After the Muslims retook Jerusalem in 1187, how did the Crusader states remain important to Europe?
After the Muslims retook Jerusalem in 1187, how did the Crusader states remain important to Europe?
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What was chivalry in the context of the European Middle Ages?
What was chivalry in the context of the European Middle Ages?
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What was the primary field of study in the university at Salerno, Italy?
What was the primary field of study in the university at Salerno, Italy?
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Who put Joan of Arc on trial for heresy and had her executed in 1431?
Who put Joan of Arc on trial for heresy and had her executed in 1431?
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What two factors contributed to the weakening of kingship in the old Carolingian Empire in the ninth century?
What two factors contributed to the weakening of kingship in the old Carolingian Empire in the ninth century?
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Which of the following was a consequence of the Christian reconquista of Spain?
Which of the following was a consequence of the Christian reconquista of Spain?
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On what basis was the First Crusade (1095-1099) considered successful?
On what basis was the First Crusade (1095-1099) considered successful?
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What were two primary reasons for urban growth in the eleventh century?
What were two primary reasons for urban growth in the eleventh century?
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How do Muslims view the Crusades?
How do Muslims view the Crusades?
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Why did the English king Henry II have strong claims to large amounts of French territory?
Why did the English king Henry II have strong claims to large amounts of French territory?
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Which Viking made England the center of his empire from 1016 to 1035, promoting a policy of assimilation and reconciliation between the Anglo-Saxons and Vikings?
Which Viking made England the center of his empire from 1016 to 1035, promoting a policy of assimilation and reconciliation between the Anglo-Saxons and Vikings?
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What are two primary reasons Pope Urban II launched the First Crusade in 1095?
What are two primary reasons Pope Urban II launched the First Crusade in 1095?
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Which saint became the most important among Christians?
Which saint became the most important among Christians?
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In what way did German ruler Henry IV emerge victorious from his struggle with Pope Gregory VII over the appointment of church officials?
In what way did German ruler Henry IV emerge victorious from his struggle with Pope Gregory VII over the appointment of church officials?
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What group targeted European monasteries and convents during the ninth and tenth centuries?
What group targeted European monasteries and convents during the ninth and tenth centuries?
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What did William of Normandy conquer in 1066?
What did William of Normandy conquer in 1066?
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What was Henry II's most important contribution to his country's legal system?
What was Henry II's most important contribution to his country's legal system?
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Which of the following statements describes the end of the Magyar invasions in central Europe in the eleventh century?
Which of the following statements describes the end of the Magyar invasions in central Europe in the eleventh century?
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Under Pope Gregory VII's reform, what punishment was merited by a ruler who appointed a church official after the church had banned the practice?
Under Pope Gregory VII's reform, what punishment was merited by a ruler who appointed a church official after the church had banned the practice?
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One of the negative consequences of the Crusades was the targeting of what group in Europe with legal restraints and violence?
One of the negative consequences of the Crusades was the targeting of what group in Europe with legal restraints and violence?
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Which of the following statements best describes serfdom in Europe during the Middle Ages?
Which of the following statements best describes serfdom in Europe during the Middle Ages?
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What did reforming popes of the eleventh century believe was responsible for the moral laxity of church leadership?
What did reforming popes of the eleventh century believe was responsible for the moral laxity of church leadership?
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What was the primary staple of a medieval European peasant's diet?
What was the primary staple of a medieval European peasant's diet?
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Why were there several waves of reform that swept over the monasteries of Europe throughout the Middle Ages?
Why were there several waves of reform that swept over the monasteries of Europe throughout the Middle Ages?
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What was the ultimate impact of the Fourth Crusade on the Byzantine Empire?
What was the ultimate impact of the Fourth Crusade on the Byzantine Empire?
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Why did the Carolingian Empire have such a difficult time defending against the Vikings?
Why did the Carolingian Empire have such a difficult time defending against the Vikings?
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How did students in medieval schools and universities prove that they were ready to be teachers themselves?
How did students in medieval schools and universities prove that they were ready to be teachers themselves?
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How did the Great Famine of 1315-1322 influence the impact of the Black Death on Europe?
How did the Great Famine of 1315-1322 influence the impact of the Black Death on Europe?
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How did manorialism differ from feudalism in early medieval Europe?
How did manorialism differ from feudalism in early medieval Europe?
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Study Notes
Muslim Settlements
- By the end of the ninth century, Muslims established settlements in Spain, Sicily, and southern France.
Church Practices and Influence
- Simony refers to the sale of church offices, undermining the integrity of religious leadership.
- The Lateran Council of 1059 empowered the college of cardinals to elect the pope, centralizing church governance.
- Priests were ordered by Pope Gregory VII to abandon wives and children or face dismissal, enforcing clerical celibacy.
The Crusades
- Crusaders massacred inhabitants of Jerusalem, including women and children, during the conquest in 1099.
- Motivations for the Crusades included promises of sin forgiveness for participating Christians, driven by papal sponsorship.
- The Fourth Crusade controversially involved the sacking of Constantinople.
Social Structure
- Medieval European society was categorized into three groups: monks, nobles, and peasants, excluding townspeople and merchants.
- Serfdom bound peasants to the land, with over 90 percent of the population in this status, similar to China and India.
Architecture and Education
- Gothic architecture is characterized by pointed arches, distinguishing it from Romanesque styles.
- Salerno, Italy, was known for its primary field of study: medicine.
- University education was predominantly male, as students were technically all members of the clergy.
Historical Events and Figures
- The Black Death likely originated in China, devastating Europe and leading to widespread accusations against Jews, such as poisoning wells.
- Joan of Arc claimed to be guided by Saints Michael, Catherine, and Margaret in her fight for Charles VII.
- Civil wars and invasions weakened kingship in the Carolingian Empire during the ninth century, increasing local noble power.
Economic and Agricultural Changes
- Most medieval towns formed around trade, spurred by a rise in population and enhanced agricultural output.
- The Great Famine (1315-1322) was caused by colder, wetter weather, making the population more vulnerable to the Black Death.
Legal and Political Developments
- Louis IX of France established the Parlement of Paris, setting a precedent for the supremacy of royal law.
- King Henry II of England's most significant contribution was promoting a unified legal code for England, stemming from land inheritance and marriage.
Cultural and Religious Dynamics
- The church dominated daily life, with weddings and celebrations frequently occurring in churchyards.
- Chivalry defined a code of conduct for knights, underscoring loyalty and behavior expectations.
Jewish Relations and Discrimination
- The aftermath of the Crusades led to legal discrimination against Jews, who faced violence and restrictions.
- Anti-Muslim and anti-Jewish legislation emerged as a consequence of the Christian reconquista of Spain.
Universities and Scholasticism
- Medieval scholars, known as Scholastics, arrived at philosophical truths by merging faith with the authority of past thinkers.
- Students in medieval universities demonstrated readiness to teach by passing oral exams.
Struggles for Power
- Pope Gregory VII and King Henry IV of Germany clashed over the rights to make church appointments, highlighting tensions between secular and ecclesiastical powers.
- The targeting of monasteries and convents by Vikings in the ninth and tenth centuries disrupted religious communities.
Consequences of Events
- The Great Famine exacerbated the impact of the Black Death, as a weakened population succumbed more easily to disease.
- Anti-Jewish sentiments intensified during the Black Death, resulting in targeted violence and legal restrictions in Europe.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge with these flashcards focusing on Chapter 14 of the History of World Society. This chapter delves into Europe during the Middle Ages, covering key events and concepts from 800 to 1450. Challenge yourself on important topics like the Crusades, simony, and Muslim settlements in Europe.
