World History Unit 1: Ancient Civilizations

Definition of civilization includes organized societies with governance, social structure, and cultural development.
Resource availability such as water, fertile land, and raw materials significantly influences civilization growth.
Institutions like governments, religions, and educational systems shape human behavior and societal organization.
Geographic factors determine settlement patterns, economic activities, and cultural exchanges.

Ancient civilizations include China, India, Mesopotamia, and Egypt, often situated near significant rivers like Tigris, Euphrates, Nile, Huang He, and Indus.
Major geographical features include Jerusalem, Judea, Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, and Mesopotamia.

Early Chinese dynasties include the Xia (disputed), Shang, and Zhou, indicating a historical progression in governance.
Mesopotamian civilizations developed around the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, fostering agriculture and urbanization.

Book of the Dead: Ancient Egyptian funerary text aiding souls in the afterlife.
Epic of Gilgamesh: Mesopotamian epic poem exploring themes of heroism and mortality.
Hammurabi’s Code: One of the earliest legal codes from Babylon emphasizing justice and governance.
Rosetta Stone: Key artifact for deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphics, crucial for understanding ancient Egypt.
Ten Commandments: Ethical guidelines central to Hebrew society and Judaism.
Torah: The central reference of the religious Judaic tradition.
Vedas: Ancient scriptures of Hinduism, containing hymns, philosophy, and guidance.

Harappan period: Indus Valley civilization known for urban planning and advanced drainage systems.
Paleolithic Era: Characterized by nomadic hunter-gatherer societies.
Vedic period: Emergence of Vedic texts and early Hinduism in India.

Abraham: Patriarch of the Hebrew people and key figure in monotheism.
Confucius: Philosopher emphasizing ethics and proper governance in ancient China.
Cyrus: Persian king known for his conquests and the establishment of a vast empire.
Khufu: Pharaoh famed for constructing the Great Pyramid of Giza.
Tutenkhamen: Young pharaoh with a richly furnished tomb that provided insights into ancient Egyptian culture.

Artifacts: Objects made or used by humans in the past; valuable for archaeological study.
Barter economy: A system where goods and services are exchanged directly without currency.
Caste system: Social hierarchy in India, reinforcing social stratification.
Dynasty: A sequence of rulers from the same family lineage.
Ethical monotheism: Monotheistic belief systems emphasizing morality and ethical behavior.

Paleolithic nomads relied on hunting and gathering for sustenance.
The Neolithic Revolution marked a transition to agriculture, enabling permanent settlements.
BCE (Before Common Era) and CE (Common Era) are secular terms for time referencing.
Eight features of civilization include urban centers, organized governments, complex religions, job specialization, social classes, arts and architecture, public works, and writing.

Civilizations emerged near rivers due to water access, fertile soil, and transportation.
The Epic of Gilgamesh parallels biblical stories, reflecting universal themes of humanity.
Persians benefited from Lydian advancements in coinage and commerce.
Phoenicians excelled in maritime trade and cultural exchanges, facilitating cultural diffusion.

Black land (fertile) versus red land (desert) influenced agricultural practices and settlement.
The Nile River's predictability was vital for Egyptian agriculture and civilization.
Egyptian social structure included pharaohs, priests, nobles, and laborers with a clear hierarchy.
Ahkenaton's religious reforms shifted traditional polytheism towards worship of a single deity.

The prophet's selection of a king illustrates the intertwining of religion and governance in Hebrew society.
The diaspora refers to the dispersion of Jews beyond Israel, impacting cultural identity.

Harappan Civilization is named after the city of Harappa, central to its archaeological findings.
Harappan writing remains undeciphered, posing challenges to understanding their culture.
Artifacts reveal the sophistication of Harappan life, including musical instruments and toys, suggesting cultural richness.
Evidence points to strong governance due to planned city layouts and advanced infrastructure in Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro.

The Xia dynasty's existence is debated among historians.
Shang dynasty showcased advancements in metallurgy and stoneworking.
Zhou dynasty, also known as the "Warring States period," illustrates a shift from centralized to fragmented power.
Confucius advocated for virtuous leadership based on ethical conduct, while Hanfeizi and Laozi presented contrasting views on governance focusing on legalism and harmony, respectively.
The concept of five relationships emphasizes social order and familial duty in Confucian thought.