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Questions and Answers
What era in European history lasted from about 500 to 1500?
What era in European history lasted from about 500 to 1500?
Who was the leader of the Franks who brought Christianity to the region?
Who was the leader of the Franks who brought Christianity to the region?
Clovis
What is the term for a place where communities of monks live in isolation?
What is the term for a place where communities of monks live in isolation?
Monastery
What term refers to things concerned with worldly matters rather than spiritual matters?
What term refers to things concerned with worldly matters rather than spiritual matters?
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What family ruled the Franks from 751 to 987?
What family ruled the Franks from 751 to 987?
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Who was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III in the year 800?
Who was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III in the year 800?
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In the feudal system, who is a landowner that can grant fiefs to a vassal?
In the feudal system, who is a landowner that can grant fiefs to a vassal?
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What is a fief?
What is a fief?
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Who is a person granted land from a lord in return for loyalty?
Who is a person granted land from a lord in return for loyalty?
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What is a knight?
What is a knight?
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Who was a peasant laborer bound to a noble's land?
Who was a peasant laborer bound to a noble's land?
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What is a large estate ruled by a lord called?
What is a large estate ruled by a lord called?
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What is a tithe?
What is a tithe?
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What was the code of conduct for knights called?
What was the code of conduct for knights called?
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What is a tournament?
What is a tournament?
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Who were medieval poets and musicians that entertained people?
Who were medieval poets and musicians that entertained people?
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Who are the religious officials given authority to conduct services?
Who are the religious officials given authority to conduct services?
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What term describes important religious ceremonies in the Christian church?
What term describes important religious ceremonies in the Christian church?
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What is the body of laws governing the Christian church called?
What is the body of laws governing the Christian church called?
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What political entity began with Otto I's coronation in 962?
What political entity began with Otto I's coronation in 962?
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What is Lay Investiture?
What is Lay Investiture?
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Who was known as Charles the Hammer?
Who was known as Charles the Hammer?
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Who was Charlemagne's grandson that ruled modern-day France?
Who was Charlemagne's grandson that ruled modern-day France?
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Who was the eldest son of Louis the Pious?
Who was the eldest son of Louis the Pious?
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Who was a son of Louis the Pious that controlled modern Germany?
Who was a son of Louis the Pious that controlled modern Germany?
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What treaty divided the Carolingian empire into three sections?
What treaty divided the Carolingian empire into three sections?
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Who was the Viking explorer believed to be the first European in the New World?
Who was the Viking explorer believed to be the first European in the New World?
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Who was the powerful French duchess that divorced the king of France?
Who was the powerful French duchess that divorced the king of France?
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Who was the King of England from 1189 to 1199 that fought in the Holy Land?
Who was the King of England from 1189 to 1199 that fought in the Holy Land?
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Who was made king of Germany in 936 and crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 962?
Who was made king of Germany in 936 and crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 962?
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Who was known as Fredrick I 'Barbarossa'?
Who was known as Fredrick I 'Barbarossa'?
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What battle took place in 1176 between Fredrick I and the Lombard League?
What battle took place in 1176 between Fredrick I and the Lombard League?
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Who was the medieval monk and secretary of Charlemagne?
Who was the medieval monk and secretary of Charlemagne?
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Who founded the Benedictine order?
Who founded the Benedictine order?
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Who adapted her brother's rules for women in a convent?
Who adapted her brother's rules for women in a convent?
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Who wrote a history of England in 731?
Who wrote a history of England in 731?
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Who was the pope known for strengthening the power of the papacy?
Who was the pope known for strengthening the power of the papacy?
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Who converted the Franks to Christianity around 496?
Who converted the Franks to Christianity around 496?
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Who ruled the Carolingian empire from 814 to 840?
Who ruled the Carolingian empire from 814 to 840?
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What is another name for Vikings?
What is another name for Vikings?
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What nomadic group attacked Western Europe from the east?
What nomadic group attacked Western Europe from the east?
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Which Germanic people invaded northern Italy in the 6th century?
Which Germanic people invaded northern Italy in the 6th century?
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Who are the religious leaders of a monastery called?
Who are the religious leaders of a monastery called?
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Who fought against Pope Gregory VII over the power to choose church officials?
Who fought against Pope Gregory VII over the power to choose church officials?
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Who crowned Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor on Christmas Day, 800?
Who crowned Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor on Christmas Day, 800?
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What is the famous medieval epic poem that praises French soldiers during Charlemagne's reign?
What is the famous medieval epic poem that praises French soldiers during Charlemagne's reign?
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What form of punishment banned a person from the Church?
What form of punishment banned a person from the Church?
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What term describes the Pope's ability to forbid priests from giving sacraments?
What term describes the Pope's ability to forbid priests from giving sacraments?
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What compromise stated that the church alone could grant a church position?
What compromise stated that the church alone could grant a church position?
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What is the term for a young boy sent to learn courtly manners and training to become a knight?
What is the term for a young boy sent to learn courtly manners and training to become a knight?
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What is the term for a servant of a knight responsible for training?
What is the term for a servant of a knight responsible for training?
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What are two-inch iron spikes thrown on battlefields called?
What are two-inch iron spikes thrown on battlefields called?
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Study Notes
Middle Ages
- Era from approximately 500 to 1500 CE in European history, following the fall of the Roman Empire, characterized by classical Roman heritage, Roman Catholic Church beliefs, and Germanic tribal customs.
Franks
- A powerful Germanic group in Gaul, united under Clovis by 511, influential in spreading Christianity in Europe.
Monastery
- A secluded dwelling for monks dedicated to a life of devotion to God, away from societal distractions.
Secular
- Refers to worldly concerns that are not associated with spiritual or church matters.
Carolingian Dynasty
- Ruling family of the Franks from 751 to 987, initiated by Pepin the Short and reached its zenith under Charlemagne.
Charlemagne
- Frankish king who expanded his empire across Europe and became Holy Roman Emperor in 800, emphasizing education and reform.
Feudal System
- Featured a hierarchy where lords owned land, granted fiefs, and vassals served in exchange for loyalty. Knights were trained soldiers serving lords.
Serf
- Bound peasant laborers to a noble's land, unable to be bought or sold but owned by their lords in a feudal society.
Tithe
- A church tax amounting to one-tenth of a family's income, contributing to the church's wealth.
Chivalry
- A code of conduct for knights emphasizing loyalty to their lord, faith, and respect for women.
Tournament
- Competitive mock battles among knights to demonstrate fighting skills.
Troubadour
- Medieval traveling poets and musicians who entertained communities through their performances.
Clergy
- Religious officials authorized to conduct church services and perform sacraments.
Sacrament
- Important religious ceremonies in Christianity aimed at facilitating salvation, such as Baptism and Communion.
Canon Law
- Laws governing Christian religious practices and the conduct of clergy and laity.
Holy Roman Empire
- Political entity initiated by Otto I in 962, characterized by a loose association of independent states in Germany and Italy.
Lay Investiture
- The practice of kings or nobles appointing church officials, often leading to conflicts with the papacy.
Charles Martel
- Frankish leader known for his victory at the Battle of Tours in 732, halting Muslim expansion into Western Europe.
Treaty of Verdun
- Agreement signed in 843 that divided the Carolingian Empire among Louis the Pious's three sons.
Viking Exploration
- Leif Ericson is believed to be the first European to reach the New World around 1000 AD, known for their raids throughout Europe.
Eleanor of Aquitaine
- Influential French duchess, former wife of the King of France and wife of Henry II of England, mother to significant English monarchs.
Richard the Lion-Hearted
- English king from 1189 to 1199 recognized for his military leadership during the Third Crusade against Saladin.
Otto the Great
- German king crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 962, known for consolidating power and forming a strong alliance with the Catholic Church.
Frederick I "Barbarossa"
- German king who ruled the Holy Roman Empire, known for his military leadership and for the first use of the title "Holy Roman Emperor."
Battle of Legnano
- 1176 conflict where Frederick I's forces were defeated by the Lombard League, marking a shift in Italian political power.
Benedict and Scholastica
- Benedict founded the Benedictine order with rules for monastic life; his sister Scholastica adapted these rules for women in convents.
Venerable Bede
- English monk renowned for his historical writings, considered a significant contributor to medieval scholarship.
Pope Gregory I
- Pope who expanded the papacy's power to include political authority, enhancing the church's influence.
Clovis
- Frankish king who converted his people to Christianity around 496 and united the Franks under his rule by 511.
Louis the Pious
- Charlemagne’s son who ruled ineffectively from 814 to 840 and divided the empire among his three sons, leading to its fragmentation.
Northmen/Vikings
- Scandinavian seafarers known for raiding European coasts from the 700s to the 1100s, creating fear and instability across the continent.
Magyars
- Nomadic group from Hungary known for their equestrian skills; they invaded Western Europe during the medieval period.
Lombards
- Germanic invaders of northern Italy in the 6th century, later defeated by Charlemagne, contributing to his imperial power.
Abbots
- Leaders of monasteries responsible for the spiritual and administrative well-being of monastic communities.
Emperor Henry IV
- Monarch in conflict with Pope Gregory VII over church appointments; faced excommunication and was forced to seek forgiveness.
Concordat of Worms
- A compromise resolving the conflict over lay investiture, allowing the church to appoint officials but giving the king veto power.
Page and Squire
- Young boys trained as pages starting at around 7 and then as squires at 14 to serve and learn from knights.
Caltrops
- Iron spikes utilized on battlefields to injure horses and disrupt enemy formations during combat.
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Description
Explore key concepts from Chapter 13 of World History with these flashcards. This chapter covers significant topics such as the Middle Ages and the Franks, enhancing your understanding of the medieval period in Europe. Perfect for students looking to study important historical terms and their meanings.
