World History Ch.5 Sec.1,2 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is the geocentric theory?

The geocentric theory was the belief that the Earth was the center of the universe and the sun and stars revolved around it.

What is the scientific revolution?

A transformation in European thought in the 1500s and 1600s that called for scientific observation, experimentation, and the questioning of traditional opinions.

What is the scientific method?

A method of inquiry that promotes observing, measuring, explaining, and verifying as a way to gain scientific knowledge.

What is the heliocentric theory?

The scientific theory that has the sun as the center of the universe with the Earth rotating around the sun. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Rene Descartes?

French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist who believed all things should be doubted until proven by reason. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Nicolaus Copernicus?

Polish astronomer who proposed the heliocentric theory of the universe. Signup and view all the answers

What were Galileo Galilei's contributions to astronomy?

He made significant discoveries, including the law of motion of falling objects, which put him in conflict with the Catholic Church. Signup and view all the answers

What did Isaac Newton discover?

He discovered the law of gravity and laws on the physics of objects. Signup and view all the answers

How did the scientific method change the way people learned about the natural world?

People learned to answer things based on observation, not just guessing or based on fables and beliefs. Signup and view all the answers

In what way did Galileo's view of the universe differ from Aristotle's view?

Aristotle's belief that more massive objects fall faster than less massive objects is incorrect. Signup and view all the answers

Why did the Catholic Church object to Galileo's theories so strongly?

The Church believed that Galileo's findings contradicted their interpretations of Scripture. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Enlightenment?

A time of optimism and possibility from the late 1700s, also called the Age of Reason. Signup and view all the answers

What are salons?

Gatherings in which intellectual and political ideas were exchanged during the Enlightenment. Signup and view all the answers

What is a social contract?

An agreement between a people and their government, stating that people would give up some of their freedom in return for peace, security, and order. Signup and view all the answers

Who was John Locke?

An English philosopher and founder of British empiricism who developed political and economic theories during the Enlightenment. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Jean-Jacques Rousseau?

A Swiss-French political philosopher who valued the social contract and discussed the nature of man in his work 'On the Origin of Inequality.' Signup and view all the answers

Who was Baron de Montesquieu?

A French jurist and political philosopher who proposed a government divided into three branches. Signup and view all the answers

What are philosophes?

Philosophers in the Enlightenment. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Voltaire?

A French philosopher and author who supported Deism and advocated for a tolerant approach to religion. Signup and view all the answers

What are enlightened despots?

The absolute monarchs in 18th-century Europe who embraced Enlightenment ideas. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Scientific Foundations

Geocentric theory posits Earth as the center of the universe, with the sun and stars revolving around it.
Scientific revolution in the 1500s-1600s revolutionized European thought, emphasizing observation and experimentation.
Scientific method promotes structured inquiry through observing, measuring, explaining, and verifying knowledge.

Key Theories and Figures

Heliocentric theory positions the sun at the center of the universe, with planets, including Earth, orbiting it.
Nicolaus Copernicus proposed the heliocentric theory, challenging traditional beliefs.
Galileo Galilei's discoveries in motion led to conflicts with the Catholic Church due to his support for heliocentrism.
Isaac Newton, known for the law of gravity, further cemented the scientific method's credibility in understanding the physical world.

The Enlightenment Era

Enlightenment, also called Age of Reason, marked a period of optimism and exploration of ideas in the late 1700s.
Salons became critical venues for the exchange of intellectual and political ideas during this time.

Political Philosophy

The social contract is an agreement where people sacrifice some freedoms for security and order provided by government.
John Locke argued for the right to rebel against governments failing to protect individual rights in "Two Treatises on Government."
Jean-Jacques Rousseau emphasized the social contract and examined human nature in his work "On the Origin of Inequality."
Baron de Montesquieu advocated for separation of powers into three branches of government, influencing democratic governance.

Enlightenment Thinkers

Philosophes were influential thinkers who shaped Enlightenment philosophy.
Voltaire, a proponent of Deism, advocated for religious tolerance and the belief that God is detached from universal affairs.
Enlightened despots were absolute monarchs who embraced Enlightenment principles to strengthen their rule.

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Description

Test your knowledge of key terms from World History Chapter 5, Sections 1 and 2. This quiz covers significant concepts such as the geocentric theory and the scientific revolution. Use these flashcards to enhance your understanding of historical scientific developments and their implications.