History Chapter 19 Flashcards

Geocentric and Heliocentric Theories

• Geocentric Theory: Earth is the center of the universe, with all celestial bodies revolving around it, proposed by Aristotle around 300 BC.
• Heliocentric Theory: Proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus; states that the Earth orbits the Sun.

Scientific Revolution

• A transformative period in the 1500s and 1600s, emphasizing scientific observation, experimentation, and questioning traditional beliefs.
• Led to the establishment of the Scientific Method: a systematic approach involving observation, measurement, explanation, and verification for scientific inquiry.

Key Figures in Science

• René Descartes: Emphasized reason and a systematic doubt; used math and logic to establish truths.
• Galileo Galilei: Italian astronomer who identified the laws of motion and invented the first working telescope; faced conflict with the Roman Catholic Church due to his discoveries.
• Isaac Newton: Known for formulating the laws of gravity and contributions to physics.

Conflict Between Church and Science

• The Church relied on divine inspiration, while science sought factual explanations and logical reasoning; the Church often rejected scientific ideas to preserve faith.

Advances in Biology and Chemistry

• Biology: Galen provided inaccurate human anatomy representations; Andreas Vesalius corrected this through dissections.
• Chemistry: Robert Boyle defined elements and studied gases; Antoine Lavoisier established the Law of Conservation of Mass and created the metric system.

Culture and the Enlightenment

• Scientific Revolution Effects: Laid the groundwork for modern science and a new, ordered view of the universe; fostered belief in progress and reason.
• Enlightenment: Spanning late 1600s to late 1700s, marked by optimism and the publication of new ideas from thinkers like Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Baron de Montesquieu.
• Salons: Intellectual gatherings during the Enlightenment where political and philosophical ideas were exchanged.

Political Concepts

• Divine Right: The belief that monarchs are appointed by God and thus have the right to rule.
• Absolutism: A political system where autocratic rulers have total control over government and people's lives.

Causes of the Scientific Revolution

• Growth in exploration and trade.
• Renewed interest in ancient scholarly works.
• The development and application of the scientific method.

Summary of Scientific Method Steps

• Identify a problem or question.
• Formulate a hypothesis.
• Conduct experiments to test the hypothesis.
• Record and analyze results to support or refute the hypothesis.

Influence on Enlightenment Thought

• The success of the Scientific Revolution convinced philosophers that reason could be applied to solve human problems and improve society.

Test your knowledge on key concepts from History Chapter 19. This quiz covers essential ideas such as the geocentric theory and the Scientific Revolution, pivotal moments that shaped our understanding of the universe. Challenge yourself and see how well you understand these historical developments.