Workplace Safety and Risk Management Quiz

Workers' Compensation

• Refers to payments for medical expenses, survivor benefits, and costs related to cleanup/investigation of accidents, including travel & legal services.

Task Analysis

• A detailed method of defining the varied elements of an undertaking, documenting the required resources.

Common Metrics

• Budget: Measures if the project is under, over, or on budget.
• Time: Indicates if the project or phase is on time or overdue.
• Quality: Determines if the work meets or exceeds quality standards.
• Conflict: Assesses conflicts among team members during a project phase.
• Safety: Evaluates if a project phase occurred without safety incidents.

Risk Analysis

• Uses qualitative and quantitative techniques to analyze risk frequency and severity.

Risk Determination

• Includes risk type, location, probability, consequences, and risk estimate (probability x consequences).

Risk Acceptance

• Defines acceptable risk frequency/severity for individuals, companies, and society.

Risk Characterization

• Analyzes the effects risk exposure will have on people.

Job Safety Analysis

• A formal method for assessing job function hazards.

Mishap

• An unplanned event that results in death, injury, occupational illness, or damage to property/environment.

SMART Goal

• Specific, Measurable, Actionable, Realistic, and Time-oriented.

International Labor Organization (ILO) Guidelines

• Provides voluntary guidelines (ILO-OSH 2001) on safety and health management systems that minimize reliance on individual performance.

Leading Indicators

• Proactive activities to identify hazards and assess, eliminate, and control risks. Examples include:
  • Worker participation in program activities
  • Number of safety suggestions from employees
  • Near misses and first aid cases reported
  • Time taken to respond to reports
  • Management walkthroughs
  • Identified hazards during inspections
  • Safety/health training completion numbers

Evidence-Based Approach

• A structured method for reaching reliable audit conclusions, ensuring audit evidence is verifiable.

Fault Tree Analysis

• A deductive analysis using Boolean logic to relate a top event to its root causes, helping determine combinations of failures to achieve a top event.

Contingency Theory

• Behavioral theory suggesting no single best way to organize or make decisions; optimal strategies depend on internal and external conditions.

Systems Theory

• An interdisciplinary theory applying systems thinking to organizations, considering them as connected parts of a larger whole.

Management Styles

• Autocratic: Leaders make decisions unilaterally.
• Permissive: Leaders allow participation in the decision-making process.
• Directive Democrat: Leaders allow input but closely supervise.
• Directive Autocrat: Leaders make decisions unilaterally and closely supervise.
• Permissive Democrat: Leaders allow substantial input and give workers latitude.
• Permissive Autocrat: Leaders make decisions unilaterally and grant latitude.

Accident and Hazard

• Accident: Unexpected event causing injury, loss, or damage.
• Hazard: Condition or circumstance with potential to cause an accident, injury, illness, or other loss.

Cost of Accidents

• Direct Costs: Medical expenses, lost time, etc.
• Indirect Costs: Lost productivity (other employees), investigation time, lost orders.

ANSI Z10 and Heinrich's Incident Theories

• ANSI Z10: Voluntary standard for safety management systems.
• Heinrich's Theory: Direct cost:indirect cost ration is approximately 4:1.

Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) Cycle

• Plan: Establish objectives and processes.
• Do: Implement the plan.
• Check: Monitor and evaluate.
• Act: Correct & Improve.

Confined Space and Entry Attendant

• Permit-Required Confined Space: Space that contains/could contain hazardous atmospheres, entrapment hazards, etc.
• Entry Attendant: Individual monitoring conditions, preventing unauthorized entry, and activating emergency services

Hazard Communication Standard (HCS)

• Requires evaluating the physical and health hazards of chemicals imported/produced in the US. Chemical hazard information must be shared with all exposed employees.

Risk Analysis & Risk Determination

• Risk Analysis: Uses qualitative and quantitative techniques to evaluate frequency and severity of risk.
• Risk Determination: Process of analyzing risk type, location, probability, consequences, and estimating the risk.

Job Safety Analysis & FMEA

• Job Safety Analysis: Formal method used to evaluate job function hazards.
• Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA): Systematic process for identifying potential design & process failures before they occur.

Other Concepts

• Theory Y Management: Assumes workers are intrinsically motivated to work.
• Herzberg Motivational Theory: Differentiates between hygiene factors and motivators in job satisfaction.
• SWOT Analysis: Framework analyzing strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.

Manual Rates & Premiums

• Premiums are based on the insurance rate book for the specific locale.

Experience Rating, Premium Discounts

• Experience rating determines average losses for employment classifications, affecting premiums.
• Premium discounts are available for large companies due to lower administrative costs.

Government Agencies

• Agencies involved include DOT, NHTSA, SAE, FMVSS, and FHA for transportation, vehicle safety, and industry standards.

Process Safety Management (PSM)

• An OSHA standard analyzing chemicals, using TLV-TWA.

Hazardous Chemicals

• Defined as flammable, reactive, or unstable chemicals

Workplace Safety

• Work areas is a specific location, or jobsite, with potentially hazardous chemicals.

Accident Prevention Strategies, Accident Theories

• Strategies: Frequency, Severity, Cost Strategies
• Theories: Multiple Factor, Energy, Domino

Accident Cost Estimation

• Estimating costs includes determining uninsured costs (lost time, medical, property damage, compensation, investigation)

Accident Ratios

• Unsafe acts & conditions ratios (e.g., 88:10:2 (unsafe acts, conditions, unpreventable)) help prioritize workplace safety efforts by identifying common causal factors.

Risk Management

• Acceptable risk is determined after implementing risk reduction measures.

Risk Types, Risk Mitigation, Risk Assessment

• Risk Types: Accepted, default, residual,
• Risk Mitigation: Modifying hazards to reduce probability/severity.
• Risk Assessment: Identifying risk and evaluating its characteristics.

Hazard and Severity

• Hazard: A condition with potential to cause harm.
• Severity: The degree of harm or damage likely to result.

Loss Control

• Loss control means loss reduction via preventative measures.

Probability and Severity

• Probability: Likelihood of a hazard/incident.
• Severity: Extent of harm/damage resulting from a hazard related incident.

Risk Analysis and Assessment

• Risk analysis identifies and assesses hazards and risk probability
• Risk assessment determines risk by considering the severity and probability of hazard, causal factors, & characterizes risk

Risk Assessment Techniques

• Establishing parameters.
• Selecting a technique.

Risk Types, Acceptable Risk, Residual Risk

• Acceptable Risk: Risk that is knowingly understood and accepted.
• Residual Risk: Overall risk remaining post mitigation.
• Risk Types: Accepted, Residual, Default.

Risk Mitigation

• Modifying the hazard to lower probability or risk severity.

ALARP and Task Analysis

• ALARP (As Low As Reasonably Practicable) is the acceptable risk level.
• Task analysis defines project elements & resources.

Common Metrics

• Budget: Is the project on/over/under budget?
• Time: Is the project on schedule?
• Quality: Does the work meet standards?
• Conflict: Are there conflicts among team members?
• Safety: Were there safety incidents during the project phase?

Risk Determination and Acceptance

• Risk determination: Identify risk type, location, probability, and consequences; calculate risk estimate (prob. x cons).
• Risk acceptance: Decide on acceptable risk frequency/severity.

Risk Characterization and Job Safety Analysis

• Risk characterization: Analyze effects of risk exposure on people
• Job safety analysis: Formal process for assessing job function hazards.

Safety Management Systems

• Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle: Continuous improvement through plans, implementation, checks, & actions

System Failure, Domino Theory, Energy Theory

• Single Point Failure: Failure of a component leading to total system failure.
• Domino Theory: Sequential failures.
• Energy Theory: Focuses on energy transfer in incident analysis.

Project Management

• Project management involves defining, initiating, planning, executing, controlling, and closing project phases, using tools like Gantt charts.

Hazard Communication

• Globally Harmonized System (GHS): An international standard for hazard communication.

Accident Costs

• Estimate accident costs by determining uninsured cost, examining records, and calculating uninsured costs.

Accident Causation

• Accident causation ratio: Unsafe acts: unsafe conditions: (unavoidable), with typical ratios of around 88:10:2

Risk Management

• Root Cause Analysis: Identification of the fundamental causes of events.
• Risk communication: Information exchange among stakeholders on risks.
• Risk Management: Mitigating, minimizing, or controlling existing risks.

Safety and Performance

• Safety: Absence of conditions causing death, injury, or damage.
• Exposure: Contact with a hazard.
• Unacceptable risk: Risk that cannot be tolerated.

Audit and Analysis

• Evidence-based approach involves methodical analysis for reliable audit conclusions.
• Fault Tree Analysis (FTA): Identifying combinations of failures leading to top-level failures.

Human Factors

• Motivational-hygiene theory explains job satisfaction.
• Safety culture emphasizes protective behaviors within a group.

Exposure Limits

• OSHA, NIOSH & ACGIH define limits for workers' exposure to risks.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

• PPE protects workers from hazards

Product Liability

• Implied or express warranties & strict liability concepts affect product liability

Workers' Compensation

• Workers' compensation protects employers from unforeseen incidents and provides support for injured workers.

Safety Management Systems

• Reactive and proactive appraoch to accident prevention.
• Standards, analysis & audit procedures that determine safety.

Safety Standards and Analysis, Cost/Benefit Analysis, Pareto Principle, Audit (ISO 19011)

• Cost/Benefit analysis assesses competing actions by costs and benefits.
• Pareto principle suggests that 80% of effects come from 20% of causes.
• Audit (ISO 19011): systematic, independent, documented process for obtaining audit evidence and evaluating it objectively

Safety Culture and Theories

• Motivational-hygiene theory: intrinsic & extrinsic factors in job satisfaction
• Safety culture: Group's attitude that protects each member, recognized through trust in the culture.