Working of Solar Cells
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Questions and Answers

What is the anode reaction during discharge of a lead-acid battery?

  • PbSO4(s) + 2H+ (aq) + 2e → Pb(s) + H2SO4 (aq)
  • PbO2 (s) + H2SO4 (aq) + 2H+ (aq) + 2e → PbSO4 (s) + 2H2O (l)
  • 2H2O (l) → 2H2 (g) + O2 (g)
  • Pb (s) + H2SO4 (aq) → PbSO4 (s) + 2H+ (aq) + 2e (correct)

    • What is the cathode reaction during discharge of a lead-acid battery?

  • PbSO4(s) + 2H+ (aq) + 2e → Pb(s) + H2SO4 (aq)
  • H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2H2O (l)
  • PbO2 (s) + H2SO4 (aq) + 2H+ (aq) + 2e → PbSO4 (s) + 2H2O (l) (correct)
  • Pb (s) + H2SO4 (aq) → PbSO4 (s) + 2H+ (aq) + 2e

    • What is the net reaction during discharge of a lead-acid battery?

  • H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2H2O (l)
  • 2PbSO4 (s) + 2H2O (l) → Pb (s) + PbO2 (s) + 2H2SO4 (aq)
  • Pb (s) + PbO2 (s) + 2H2SO4 (aq) → 2PbSO4 (s) + 2H2O (l) + energy (correct)
  • Pb (s) + H2SO4 (aq) → PbSO4 (s) + 2H+ (aq) + 2e

    • During charging, what is the anode reaction?

    <p>PbSO4(s) + 2H+ (aq) + 2e → Pb(s) + H2SO4 (aq)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During charging, what is the cathode reaction?

    <p>PbSO4(s) + 2H2O (l) → PbO2(s) + H2SO4 (aq) + 2H+ (aq) + 2e</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net reaction during charging of a lead-acid battery?

    <p>2PbSO4 (s) + 2H2O (l) → Pb (s) + PbO2 (s) + 2H2SO4 (aq)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a lead-acid battery?

    <p>Relatively constant potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an application of lead-acid batteries?

    <p>Starting engines in cars and motor cycles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a fuel cell?

    <p>Converts chemical energy into electrical energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle behind a fuel cell?

    <p>Electrochemical reaction between fuel and oxidant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Photovoltaic Cells

    • Solar rays falling on p-type semiconductor promote electrons to conduction band, creating a potential difference and electric current
    • Potential difference and current increase with more solar rays
    • Connecting p- and n-layers to an external circuit allows electrons to flow from n-layer to p-layer, generating current

    Photovoltaic Cell Set-up

    • A photovoltaic module consists of multiple solar cells electrically connected and mounted in a single support structure
    • Modules supply electricity at a certain voltage, such as 12-volt systems
    • Current produced is directly dependent on light intensity reaching the module
    • Multiple modules can be wired together to form an array
    • Photovoltaic modules and arrays produce direct-current electricity

    Photovoltaic Systems

    • There are two main types of photovoltaic systems: grid-connected (on-grid) and autonomous (off-grid)
    • Grid-connected systems inject electricity into the grid, requiring conversion of direct current to alternating current
    • Autonomous systems operate independently of the grid
    • Over 90% of photovoltaic systems worldwide are grid-connected

    Solar Cells

    • Solar cells are made of semiconductor materials, such as silicon
    • One property of semiconductors is that their conductivity can be modified by introducing impurities into the crystal lattice
    • There are several types of solar cells, with over 90% consisting of wafer-based silicon cells
    • Wafer-based silicon cells are approximately 200 μm thick
    • Thin-film solar cells are another type, approximately 1-2 μm thick and requiring less active material

    Principle of Solar Cells

    • The basic principle involves the photovoltaic effect, where sun rays falling on two layers of semiconductor devices create a potential difference
    • This potential difference causes a flow of electrons, producing electricity

    Construction of Solar Cells

    • Solar cells consist of a p-type and n-type semiconductor in close contact
    • The p-type is typically silicon doped with boron, and the n-type is silicon doped with phosphorous

    Applications of Lead Storage Batteries

    • Used in cars, motor cycles, and lorries to start engines
    • Used in invertors for electric supply in telephone exchanges, railway trains, hospitals, automobiles, power-stations, and houses

    Advantages of Lead Storage Batteries

    • Relatively constant potential of 12V
    • Portable and inexpensive
    • Acts as a voltaic cell when drawing electricity and as an electrolytic cell when being recharged

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    Description

    This quiz explains how solar cells work by converting sunlight into electrical energy. It describes the process of electrons crossing the p-n junction and creating a potential difference, leading to an electric current.

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