Working Memory Model
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Questions and Answers

What was the main criticism of the short-term memory store by Baddeley and Hitch?

  • It was too passive
  • It was too complex
  • It was too active
  • It was not a single process (correct)

    • What is the main function of the central executive in the working memory model?

  • To process auditory information
  • To articulate information internally
  • To control other components called 'sub-systems' (correct)
  • To store visual and spatial information

    • What is the capacity of the phonological loop?

  • How much information can be said in one second
  • How much information can be said in two seconds (correct)
  • How much information can be heard in five minutes
  • How much information can be seen in one minute

    • What is the function of the visuo-spatial sketchpad?

    <p>To store visual and spatial information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the central executive and the sub-systems in the working memory model?

    <p>The central executive controls the sub-systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of the central executive in the working memory model?

    <p>It can only hold one type of information at a time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the inner scribe in the visuo-spatial sketchpad?

    <p>To actively store relationships between objects in 3D space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the capacity of the phonological loop according to the working memory model?

    <p>Two seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main criticism of the central executive in the working memory model?

    <p>It is poorly defined and acts as a homunculus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of the working memory model over the short-term memory store?

    <p>It is more accurate in describing short-term memory as an active processor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term that psychologists have shifted from using to describe short-term memory?

    <p>Short-term memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of laboratory studies in memory research?

    <p>They have high internal validity but low external validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • The working memory model is an improved version of the short-term memory store in the multi-store model, explaining how the brain holds and works on both auditory and visual information in short-term memory.

    • Researchers Baddeley and Hitch criticized the short-term memory store for being too simplistic, arguing that it's not a single process and not just a passive store for information.

    • The working memory model is an active processor, with multiple components working together to process and combine different types of information.

    • The central executive is the part of the model that pays attention to information from the senses, controlling other components called "sub-systems".

    • The central executive is limited in how much information it can hold at any one time and can only hold one type of information at a time, but can switch quickly between each type.

    • The phonological loop is a sub-system that processes auditory information, with a capacity of how much can be said in two seconds.

    • The phonological loop can be broken down into two sections: the phonological store (inner ear) and the articulatory process (inner voice).

    • The visuo-spatial sketchpad is another sub-system responsible for processing visual and spatial information, with a capacity limited by the central executive.

    • The visuo-spatial sketchpad can be broken down into two processes: the visual cache (passive store for forms and color) and the inner scribe (active store for relationships between objects in 3D space).

    • The episodic buffer is the final part of the model, where information is integrated and stored, and was added to the model by Baddeley in 2000.

    • The AQA specification requires students to know the features of the working memory model, including coding and capacity, which can be answered using information from any component of the model.

    • Coding refers to the type of information processed, with the phonological loop being acoustic and the visuo-spatial sketchpad being visual.

    • Capacity refers to the amount of information that can be held, with the phonological loop being limited to two seconds and the central executive being limited to 4 items plus or minus 1.

    • Dual task performance studies show that the central executive can help perform multiple tasks by sending information to different sub-systems, but can be overwhelmed if too much of the same type of information is pushed to it.

    • A dual task performance study by Baddeley found that participants performed better when performing two different tasks, suggesting that the visuo-spatial sketchpad and phonological loop exist as separate processes.

    • A case study by Shallice and Warrington found that a man with a brain injury had selective impairments to his verbal short-term memory, but not his visual short-term memory, supporting the separation of the phonological loop and visuo-spatial sketchpad.

    • Brain scanning evidence by Prabhakaran shows the physical location of the episodic buffer in the brain, with more activation in the prefrontal cortex when information is integrated.

    • A study by Baddeley found that people can remember more shorter words than longer words, demonstrating the word length effect and supporting the capacity of the phonological loop as two seconds.

    • Criticisms of the working memory model include the central executive being poorly defined and acting as a homunculus, but Baddeley suggests this is an opportunity for future research.

    • The working memory model is more accurate in describing short-term memory than the short-term memory store, especially in describing it as an active processor.- Psychologists have shifted from using the term "short term memory" to "working memory".

    • Laboratory studies are criticized for having high internal validity but low external validity, making it difficult to apply findings to real-life situations.

    • Experimental tasks in memory studies often lack mundane realism, meaning they are designed for data collection and differ from how memory is used in everyday life.

    • Cognitive psychologists use inferences to make educated guesses about underlying mental processes, which may be incorrect.

    • Inferences are used in working memory studies, and there may be alternative processes that produce the same behaviors, making the working memory model potentially incorrect.

    • The limitations of the working memory model include its reliance on laboratory studies and inferences, which can lead to inaccurate assumptions about memory processes.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the working memory model, an improved version of the short-term memory store, explaining how the brain holds and works on auditory and visual information in short-term memory. Learn about the central executive, phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, and episodic buffer. Discover how the model describes coding, capacity, and dual task performance, and understand its limitations and criticisms.

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