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Questions and Answers
Rank Order Consistency emphasizes the importance of genetics in shaping personality traits.
Rank Order Consistency emphasizes the importance of genetics in shaping personality traits.
True
Mean-level stability refers to variations in the absolute level of a personality trait over time.
Mean-level stability refers to variations in the absolute level of a personality trait over time.
False
Personality traits have no impact on occupational outcomes.
Personality traits have no impact on occupational outcomes.
False
The direct effects of personality on performance may enhance task effectiveness.
The direct effects of personality on performance may enhance task effectiveness.
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Personality traits can potentially influence health and longevity through various processes.
Personality traits can potentially influence health and longevity through various processes.
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Career adaptability focuses on the 'what' in career construction theory.
Career adaptability focuses on the 'what' in career construction theory.
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Ageism refers to discrimination based on a person's age.
Ageism refers to discrimination based on a person's age.
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Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory emphasizes the importance of self-efficacy in career success.
Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory emphasizes the importance of self-efficacy in career success.
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The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 applies to individuals aged 50 and older.
The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 applies to individuals aged 50 and older.
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By 2029, the last wave of Baby boomers will reach the age of 70.
By 2029, the last wave of Baby boomers will reach the age of 70.
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The 75-and-older age group contributes 25% to the labor force growth.
The 75-and-older age group contributes 25% to the labor force growth.
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Seventy-eight percent of workers aged 40-65 have never witnessed age discrimination in the workplace.
Seventy-eight percent of workers aged 40-65 have never witnessed age discrimination in the workplace.
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Mandatory retirement was abolished in 1986, with certain necessary exceptions.
Mandatory retirement was abolished in 1986, with certain necessary exceptions.
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About ⅔ of full-time workers in their early 50s have been involuntarily separated from their jobs before retirement.
About ⅔ of full-time workers in their early 50s have been involuntarily separated from their jobs before retirement.
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The majority of older adults are actively participating in training programs regardless of their income level.
The majority of older adults are actively participating in training programs regardless of their income level.
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Defined Contribution Plans are more common than Defined Benefit Plans in America's private sector workforce.
Defined Contribution Plans are more common than Defined Benefit Plans in America's private sector workforce.
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Crisp retirement refers to a gradual transition to retirement with reduced workload.
Crisp retirement refers to a gradual transition to retirement with reduced workload.
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Social Security in the US is funded by private investments.
Social Security in the US is funded by private investments.
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The Five Factor Model of personality includes five dimensions, one of which is Extroversion.
The Five Factor Model of personality includes five dimensions, one of which is Extroversion.
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The retirement crisis is exacerbated by a growing racial divide in retirement wealth.
The retirement crisis is exacerbated by a growing racial divide in retirement wealth.
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Phased retirement involves workers leaving the workforce entirely at once.
Phased retirement involves workers leaving the workforce entirely at once.
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Major life events that affect young adults include marriages and divorces.
Major life events that affect young adults include marriages and divorces.
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Chronic role strain is more prevalent among older adults than young adults.
Chronic role strain is more prevalent among older adults than young adults.
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Dying is often considered solely a physiological event rather than a relational process.
Dying is often considered solely a physiological event rather than a relational process.
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Elder abuse can take many forms, including emotional and financial abuse.
Elder abuse can take many forms, including emotional and financial abuse.
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The term 'deaths of despair' typically refers to deaths resulting from natural causes.
The term 'deaths of despair' typically refers to deaths resulting from natural causes.
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The process of bereavement can be experienced both as a real and symbolic loss.
The process of bereavement can be experienced both as a real and symbolic loss.
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The typical victim of elder abuse is a 65-year-old male with good health.
The typical victim of elder abuse is a 65-year-old male with good health.
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Subjective well-being and life satisfaction are influenced by factors such as education and income.
Subjective well-being and life satisfaction are influenced by factors such as education and income.
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66% of elder abuse perpetrators are often non-family members.
66% of elder abuse perpetrators are often non-family members.
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In California, unpaid caregivers provide a substantial portion of the care older adults receive at home.
In California, unpaid caregivers provide a substantial portion of the care older adults receive at home.
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Successful aging emphasizes the disengagement of older persons from society.
Successful aging emphasizes the disengagement of older persons from society.
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The Social Exchange Theory suggests that social interactions involve a balance of rewards and punishments.
The Social Exchange Theory suggests that social interactions involve a balance of rewards and punishments.
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The concept of equity in the context of bereavement highlights the differences in economic security between various social groups.
The concept of equity in the context of bereavement highlights the differences in economic security between various social groups.
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34.2 million Americans have provided unpaid care to adults aged 50 or older in the last 12 months.
34.2 million Americans have provided unpaid care to adults aged 50 or older in the last 12 months.
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Conversations about death, dying, and grief have become uncommon in society.
Conversations about death, dying, and grief have become uncommon in society.
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Grief is considered a normal, individual process that should not be pathologized.
Grief is considered a normal, individual process that should not be pathologized.
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Physician-Assisted Suicide is the same as terminal sedation.
Physician-Assisted Suicide is the same as terminal sedation.
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Hospice care can only be provided in specialized facilities and not at home.
Hospice care can only be provided in specialized facilities and not at home.
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The Patient Self-Determination Act requires healthcare agencies to acknowledge living wills and durable powers of attorney.
The Patient Self-Determination Act requires healthcare agencies to acknowledge living wills and durable powers of attorney.
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Advance Directives allow individuals to specify their health care preferences if they become incapacitated.
Advance Directives allow individuals to specify their health care preferences if they become incapacitated.
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The value of death refers to the financial burden of end-of-life interventions.
The value of death refers to the financial burden of end-of-life interventions.
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Withholding life-sustaining treatments is always illegal.
Withholding life-sustaining treatments is always illegal.
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The Lancet Commission identified a specific set of principles for improving death and dying experiences.
The Lancet Commission identified a specific set of principles for improving death and dying experiences.
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POLST stands for Portable Orders for Life Sustaining Treatment.
POLST stands for Portable Orders for Life Sustaining Treatment.
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Medicalization of death refers to the increasing control of the healthcare system over end-of-life experiences.
Medicalization of death refers to the increasing control of the healthcare system over end-of-life experiences.
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Non-receptivity and non-responsivity include the absence of heartbeat and breathing.
Non-receptivity and non-responsivity include the absence of heartbeat and breathing.
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Study Notes
Work and Retirement
- Italy ranks first in their career giving meaning to life
- Overall Labor Participation Rate = Labor force / (non-incarcerated, 16+ population size)
- Life-span/life-space theory: career development occurs in stages, intertwined with other life aspects
- Holland's Six Basic Vocational Interests (1973): Career choice driven by interests; Social, Investigative, Realistic, Enterprising, Artistic, Conventional
- Donald Super's Theory (1953): Career choice driven by desire to realize full self-concept; Career develops through stages (Growth, Exploration, Establishment, Maintenance, Disengagement)
Holland's SIREC Theory
- Workers seek occupations aligning personality type with the occupation
- Six basic types of personality-interest constellations: Social, Investigative, Realistic, Enterprising, Conventional, Artistic
U.S. facing a worker shortage
- Not enough young workers to replace retiring workers
- Baby boomers' retirement will peak in 2029
Paradox
- Many older adults want to work but face barriers (policies and practices tailored to a 1960s pyramid)
- Ageism (prejudice, stereotyping, & discrimination based on age), affects policies that older people face
Ageism in the Workplace
- 78% of workers (40-65) have experienced age discrimination
- Older adults face more difficulty finding work when employed.
- Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (protects 40-70 year olds in employment)
How To Build a Healthier Older Workforce
- Address ageism
- Provide adequate training opportunities
- Adapt jobs for managing health conditions and disabilities
- Support balancing caregiving and work.
Urban Institute Study
- Digital skills are crucial for older Americans in the workforce.
- Low-income older adults are less likely to participate in training programs due to less access to resources.
Retirement - Related Information
- Half of America's private sector workforce lacks retirement plans (relying on social security and personal savings)
- Traditional lifetime pensions are less common now compared to 401(k)s
- Workforce exits can be crisp (full-time one day, unemployed next) or phased (reduced or less stressful job) or blurred (repeated movement in and out of the workforce)
- Social Security funded by payroll taxes.
Personality & The Five Factor Model
- Five-Factor Model (Big 5 OCEAN - Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness & Neuroticism)
- Rank order consistency: stability of individual trait rankings in a person over time.
- Mean-level stability: consistency in the absolute level of a trait's expression over time.
- Personality traits linked to occupational outcomes (attraction, recruitment, attrition, shaping job environment, performance)
Model of Psychosocial Development (Erikson)
- Personality development is shaped by internal maturation and external societal demands.
- Stages marked by crises or dilemmas leading to change.
Theory of Ego Development (Loevinger)
- The self or ego strives in order to make sense of daily experiences through progressive stages of cognitive complexity
- Stages that build on previous stages .
Association Between Personality Traits And Mortality
- Personality traits can impact health and longevity through various mechanisms (pathogenesis, health behaviors, reactions to illness)
Stress, Coping, and Resilience
- Acute stress response (fight-or-flight) releases adrenaline
- General adaptation syndrome includes alarm/acute stress response, resistance, and exhaustion stages.
Stress Appraisals
- primary appraisal (cognitive assessment of threat) and secondary appraisal (assessment of available resources)
- Three types of stress: major life events, daily hassles, chronic role strains
Frequency of Major Life Events Change in With Age
- Young adults: marriages, births, divorces, layoffs
- Middle-aged adults: parenting, careers, chronic illnesses, and caregiving responsibilities
- Older adults: widowhood, death of friends, institutionalization, chronic illnesses, and caregiving
Elder Abuse
- Prevalence, types of elder abuse (physical, sexual, emotional, financial, neglect)
- Causes: Situational, social exchange theories
- Family caregiving burden
Informal (Unpaid) Caregiving Characteristics
- Economic value of unpaid care
- Risk factors
- Caregivers' health
Coping mechanisms in response to stress-
- Problem focused (instrument action, gathering info, making a plan of action)
- Emotion focused(expressing or suppressing emotion, assigning blame, wishful thinking, escape avoidance)
- Meaning focused(reframing, downplaying the loss
- Social focused (seeking emotional and instrumental support, being emotionally present)
Coping with Racism
- Active strategies to actively overcome issues
- Preferences for coping mechanisms vary based on race.
Death & Bereavement
- Defining death (physical aspects, non-responsiveness, no reflexes)
- Coping with death, loss, or grief
- Types of deaths (terminal, physician-assisted suicide, sudden)
Hospice & palliative care and medicalization of death
- Hospice and palliative options when curative treatments are no longer effective.
- Death is becoming more standardized (medicalized) in high-income countries, emphasizing care and support (rather than simply the end)
Subjective Well Being and Life Satisfaction
- Factors related to SWB and LS: education, income, cohort (age), work satisfaction
- Productivity & engagement, wellbeing (physical/mentel), equity & cohesion
Society Level Metro Of Successful Aging
- Productivity/engagement(volunteer work, workforce participation, community involvement)
- well-being (health, mental health, fulfilling social interactions , equity (economic/social support , and cohesion)
Equity
- Distributing resources to eliminate gaps between the haves and have-nots in the older population
- Cohesion ( maintaining social connections within and between generations)
Security
- Provides economic and physical security for older people
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Description
Explore the key theories and concepts surrounding work and retirement, including Holland's SIREC model and Super's career development stages. Understand the implications of labor participation rates and the impending worker shortage in the U.S. as baby boomers retire. This quiz provides insights into how career choices are influenced by personal interests and life stages.
