Wooden Propeller Construction Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary reason for allowing the layers of a wooden propeller to dry for approximately one week?

  • To give the layers a smoother finish
  • To enhance the colors of the wood layers
  • To equalize the moisture content and prevent warping (correct)
  • To strengthen the adhesive bond between layers

Which type of wood is considered the most widely used in the construction of fixed-pitch wooden propellers?

  • Black Walnut
  • Cherry
  • Oak
  • Birch (correct)

What materials are typically used for the metal tipping on wooden propellers?

  • Copper and zinc
  • Monel metal and stainless steel (correct)
  • Aluminum and brass
  • Steel and iron

What is the thickness of each layer used in the construction of a fixed-pitch wooden propeller?

<p>3/4 inch (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is NOT part of the construction of fixed-pitch wooden propellers?

<p>Applying a protective paint finish (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the mechanical linkages in constant-speed propellers?

<p>To convert linear motion into rotary motion for changing blade angle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

From where does the oil pressure for the hydraulic pitch-changing mechanism usually originate?

<p>The engine lubricating system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does an increase in engine RPM have on the propeller governor?

<p>It causes the governor to increase the blade angle to reduce load (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate oil pressure required for quicker blade-angle changes in a constant-speed propeller?

<p>300 psi (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the governor connected to the engine in constant-speed propellers?

<p>It is geared to the engine crankshaft (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of the pitch-changing mechanism?

<p>It allows the blades to rotate for pitch adjustment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When the governor detects a drop in RPM, what action does it trigger?

<p>It decreases the blade angle to reduce load (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of using a pump integral with the governor?

<p>It enhances the response time for blade-angle changes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason the shape of a propeller blade creates thrust?

<p>It generates a pressure difference as air flows past. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is thrust mathematically defined in relation to air mass and velocity?

<p>Thrust = mass of air handled x slipstream velocity - airplane velocity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does increasing the blade angle have on the engine's load?

<p>It increases the load, possibly slowing the engine down. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the area of decreased pressure in front of a propeller?

<p>It generates a forward thrust for the propeller. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the blade angle an important factor in controlling an engine’s RPM?

<p>It determines the mass of air moved per revolution. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a propeller being mounted vertically relative to air pressure?

<p>It creates a forward thrust due to pressure differences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT impact the amount of air displaced by a propeller?

<p>Speed of the airplane. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The thrust produced by a propeller can be influenced by which of the following?

<p>The slipstream velocity and the mass of air handled. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the hydraulic cylinder in the Hartzell Constant-Speed, Non-feathering propeller?

<p>To control the pitch of the blades (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much centrifugal force can the blades transmit to the hub spider?

<p>25 tons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism is used to attach the piston to the blade clamps in non-feathering models?

<p>A sliding rod and fork system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What opposes the oil pressure supplied by the governor for the piston actuation?

<p>Counterweights (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component transmits the propeller thrust and engine torque from the blades?

<p>The blade shank bushing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common feature of both Hartzell and McCauley propellers for light aircraft?

<p>They operate similarly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where should one look for information on specific models of Hartzell propellers?

<p>Manufacturer's specifications and instructions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of pitch actuation system does the hydraulic piston use in feathering models?

<p>Link system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the feathering propeller's governing device?

<p>To change the pitch of the blades via hydraulic means (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which forces are present while the feathering propeller is operating?

<p>Spring force and counterweight force (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many blades does the constant-speed feathering propeller typically have?

<p>Five blades (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the piston within the feathering propeller's hub?

<p>To control the pitch change mechanism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following forces typically attempts to decrease the blade angle of the feathering propeller?

<p>Centrifugal twisting moment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What material is primarily used in the hub of the constant-speed feathering propeller?

<p>Aluminum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism does the feathering spring and piston form part of in the feathering propeller?

<p>The pitch control system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is least influential in determining the blade angle in a feathering propeller?

<p>Aerodynamic twisting force (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does pitch distribution in a propeller refer to?

<p>The twist in the blade from the shank to the tip (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes fixed pitch propellers?

<p>They require no adjustments in flight. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the propeller control in a constant-speed propeller?

<p>To increase or decrease RPM (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of speed, how does the tip of a propeller blade compare to the inner portion?

<p>The tip travels much faster (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the control for a constant-speed propeller typically located?

<p>Next to the mixture control (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a feature of constant-speed propellers?

<p>Fixed positions with no adjustment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the pilot valve in propeller controls?

<p>To regulate RPM based on throttle settings (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the propeller control's 'pull back' position intended to function?

<p>To decrease RPM (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Thrust

The force that propels an aircraft forward, generated by the propeller.

Angle of Attack (AOA)

The angle at which the propeller blade meets the airstream.

Mass of Air Handled

The amount of air moved by the propeller per unit of time.

Slipstream Velocity

The speed of the air behind the propeller, called the slipstream.

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Velocity of the Airplane

The speed of the airplane.

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Thrust Equation

The difference between the slipstream velocity and the velocity of the airplane.

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Blade Angle and Engine Load

Increasing the blade angle increases the load on the engine, slowing it down unless more power is applied.

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Load Control

The ability of the propeller to adjust the load on the engine to control revolutions per minute (RPM).

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Pitch Distribution

The change in blade angle from the root to the tip. This is necessary because the tip of the propeller travels faster than the root, requiring a different angle of attack to maintain efficient airflow.

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Fixed Pitch Propeller

A propeller with a fixed blade angle that cannot be adjusted during flight. They are simpler and less expensive but lack the versatility of constant-speed propellers.

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Constant Speed Propeller

A propeller with variable pitch that can be adjusted during flight to maintain a constant engine speed. They offer optimal performance throughout flight conditions.

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Propeller Control

A knob on the center pedestal of an aircraft, used to control the blade angle of a constant-speed propeller. It allows the pilot to adjust the propeller's pitch to maintain desired engine RPM.

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Propeller Flow Rate

The amount of air passing through the propeller per unit of time. It directly impacts the propeller's thrust generation and engine efficiency.

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Propeller Control - Full Forward

The position of the propeller control that increases the blade angle, resulting in higher engine RPM.

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Propeller Control - Pulled Aft

The position of the propeller control that decreases the blade angle, resulting in lower engine RPM.

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Pilot Valve/Spool Valve

A valve found on the propeller control that adjusts the pitch of the blades. It is typically referred to as the 'landed valve,' 'pilot valve,' or 'spool valve'.

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Fixed-Pitch Wooden Propeller

A fixed-pitch propeller made from multiple layers of hardwood glued together, carefully shaped and dried.

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Hardwoods used in wooden propellers

Used for building fixed-pitch wooden propellers, these hardwoods are carefully selected and seasoned for durability.

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Layer thickness in a wooden propeller

Each layer of wood in a fixed-pitch wooden propeller is approximately ¾ inch thick.

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Drying a wooden propeller blank

The process of allowing a rough-shaped wooden propeller blank to dry for about a week, ensuring uniform moisture content in all layers to prevent warping and cracking during carving.

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Fabric covering on wooden propeller blades

A fabric covering is applied to the outer portion of each finished propeller blade, offering protection and enhancing performance.

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What converts piston's linear motion into rotary motion for propeller blade angle adjustment?

The mechanism that converts linear motion of the piston into the rotary motion required for adjusting the propeller blade angle.

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What enables propeller blade rotation and pitch change?

It's the component that allows the blade to rotate and change pitch.

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Where does the oil pressure for hydraulic pitch-changing mechanisms usually come from?

In most cases, the engine lubricating system directly supplies oil pressure to operate hydraulic pitch-changing mechanisms.

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What boosts engine oil pressure for propeller operation?

Often there is an integrated pump within the governor that boosts the engine oil pressure to operate the propeller.

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What is the benefit of higher oil pressure in propeller systems?

Higher oil pressure, typically around 300 psi, allows for a quicker change in propeller blade angle.

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What are responsible for directing oil flow to control hydraulic pitch-changing mechanisms?

Governors, sensitive to engine speed changes, direct pressurized oil to control hydraulic pitch-changing mechanisms.

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How does a governor react to increasing engine speed?

When engine rpm increases above the governor's setpoint, the governor instructs the propeller to increase blade angle.

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What happens to the engine when the blade angle is increased?

Increasing the blade angle adds load to the engine, causing the rpm to decrease.

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Hartzell Constant-Speed Propeller: Pitch Actuation

The blade's angle of attack is controlled by a hydraulic cylinder connected to the blade clamps. The cylinder is mounted on the hub's rotational axis.

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Hartzell Propeller: Hub & Blade Attachment

The blades are attached to the hub spider for angular adjustment. The blades generate a huge centrifugal force (up to 25 tons), transmitted to the spider via blade clamps and ball bearings.

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Hartzell Propeller: Force Transmission

The propeller's thrust and engine torque are transmitted through a lubricated bushing within the blade shank.

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Hartzell Constant-Speed Propeller: Pitch Control Mechanism

A hydraulic piston-cylinder element mounted on the front of the hub spider controls the blade pitch. It's connected to the blade clamps via a sliding rod and fork system (non-feathering models) or a link system (feathering models).

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Hartzell Propeller: Piston Actuation

The piston is pushed forward by oil pressure from a governor, overcoming the force of counterweights.

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Hartzell vs. McCauley

Hartzell and McCauley propellers are very similar.

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Hartzell Propeller: Important Note

Always consult the manufacturer's documentation for specific models and instructions.

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Feathering Propeller

The blades of a feathering propeller can be rotated to reduce drag during engine failure.

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Constant-Speed Feathering Propeller

A propeller that automatically adjusts its blade angle to maintain a constant speed, despite changes in engine power or airspeed.

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Single Oil Supply

A single hydraulic system controls the blade angle of a constant-speed feathering propeller.

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Blade Angle

Propeller blades are designed to be angled to create lift and thrust. This angle can be adjusted to affect the propeller's performance.

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Two-Piece Aluminum Hub

Each propeller blade is secured to the hub using a two-piece aluminum mechanism.

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Feathering Spring

A spring within the propeller hub helps to control the blade angle, counteracting the force of the propeller.

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Hydraulically Actuated Piston

A hydraulic piston connected to the spring moves the propeller blades to adjust the angle.

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Pitch Change Rod and Fork

A rod and fork system translates the linear motion of the piston into a change in blade angle.

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Forces on the Propeller

Forces like spring tension, centrifugal force, and aerodynamic forces all influence the blade angle of a propeller.

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Study Notes

Week 1 Complete

  • AVIA-1052 course is complete for week 1
  • Contact Matt C if any errors/improvements are needed

Week 1 of 1 Day 1

  • First class of AVIA-1052
  • Topics to be covered: propellers, general prop stuff, aircraft propeller theory, basic propeller controls

Previously On AVIA-1052

  • Initial topics discussed: general prop stuff, aircraft propeller theory, and basic propeller controls

Today On AVIA-1052

  • Topics for the day: propeller location, types of propellers, including fixed-pitch, test club, ground-adjustable, controllable-pitch, constant-speed, feathering, reverse-pitch, and propeller governor

Where are we?

  • Powerplant (Volume 2), 7-2 to 7-6
  • Starting at general, and stopping at propeller location
  • FAA handbooks listed

Propellers

  • The unit responsible for absorbing power from the engine
  • Propeller development's progression
  • Early propellers were fabric-covered sticks
  • Designed to force air in a rearward direction
  • Propellers started as simple, two-bladed wood propellers
  • They have developed into sophisticated systems.
  • Variable-pitch, constant-speed feathering, and reversing propeller system.
  • This system allows for adjustments in engine RPM while maintaining efficiency.
  • Constant speed systems consist of flyweight-equipped governor units to maintain consistent engine speeds.
  • Different types of blade positions during various flight conditions.
  • Different types of propeller configurations such as two-bladed, four-bladed, and six-bladed designs.
  • Forces acting on a propeller during operation, such as centrifugal force.
  • Excessive blade tip speed can lead to poor blade efficiency, vibration or fluttering.
  • Propeller-driven aircraft have takeoff and landing advantages.
  • Propeller systems are designed for specific aircraft and operating conditions.
  • Basic nomenclature of simple fixed-pitch, two-blade wood propellers and aerodynamic cross-sections.
  • Different parts of propellers such as blade tip, trailing edge, leading edge, chord line, etc.

Aircraft Propeller Theory

  • Aircraft propeller consists of two or more blades.
  • Each propeller blade is a rotating wing.
  • Generates thrust needed for the aircraft to fly through the air.
  • The power needed to rotate the blades is supplied by the engine.
  • A central hub which attached to blades.
  • Different types of engines (low horsepower and high horsepower) attached to propellers, how they work and difference in mounting configuration, propeller shaft on different types of engines.

Propeller Aerodynamic Process

  • Airplane in flight produces drag force to resist its motion.
  • Propeller thrust needs to overcome this drag to propel the airplane forward.
  • The work by thrust is measured in terms of thrust horsepower, when measured in horsepower units.
  • The engine supplies brake horsepower through a rotational shaft, which the propeller converts to thrust horsepower.
  • Some power is lost during the conversion of brake to thrust horsepower.
  • Propeller efficiency is the ratio of thrust horsepower to brake horsepower, and measured using the Greek letter, n (eta).
  • Propeller efficiency varies widely from 50% to 87%.
  • Pitch is not the same as blade angle.
  • Pitch is largely determined by blade angle
  • an increase or decrease in one is usually associated with an increase or decrease in the other.
  • Geometric pitch is the distance a propeller should advance in one revolution with no slippage, usually expressed in pitch inches.
  • Effective pitch is the distance a propeller advances in one revolution considering propeller slippage and calculated by using the formula: GP = 2 * Ï€R * tangent of blade angle at 75% station.
  • Important blade parts - chord line of a propeller blade, blade back, blade face
  • Types of propellers - various designs for different uses.
  • Forces on a rotating propeller - centrifugal force tends to pull the blades out of the hub at high RPM, blade weight is vital to propeller design.

Basic Propeller Controls and Instruments

  • Fixed-pitch propellers have no controls, and no adjustments are required.
  • Constant-speed propellers have a control in the center pedestal, allowing for adjusting RPM.
  • Two positions of the control: increasing or decreasing RPM (full forward or pulled aft)
  • Propeller control is directly connected to the propeller governor, adjusting tension on governor speeder spring.
  • Types of controls for constant-speed propellers: engine tachometer, manifold pressure gauge.
  • Techniques for sensing speed - Tachometer generator measures RPM, generated alternating current (AC) is read by circuitry and displayed.

Propeller Controls and Instruments

  • YouTube videos linked for more information about propeller controls and instruments.

Propeller Governor

  • Engine rpm-sensing device high-pressure oil pump
  • Responds to engine speed by using hydraulic systems to adjust blade angle.
  • In a constant-speed propeller system, the change in oil volume in the hydraulic cylinder changes the blade angle.
  • Governor maintains propeller system rpm.
  • Specific rpm value is set by a cockpit propeller control which compresses or releases the governor speeder spring.

Governor Mechanism

  • Constant-speed control consists of a gear pump that increases engine oil pressure and a pilot valve.
  • Controlled by flyweights in the governor to control the flow of oil through the governor to and away from the propeller.
  • The position of pilot valve, respective to the propeller/governor metering port, regulates the quantity of oil in flow.
  • Regulates operating oil pressures in the governor.

Propeller Governor (continued)

  • Centrifugal force acting on propeller blades that causes them to move into a low pitch.
  • The opposing force of a spring called speeder spring, balances the governor flyweights ability to fly outward during turning.
  • Unbalancing these forces can be caused by the aircraft changing attitude; this can be adjusted by using the propeller control.

Propeller Governor (continued)

  • The governor maintains the necessary balance between control forces by metering or draining from the piston to maintain the correct blade angle for constant-speed operation.

Propeller Governor (continued)

  • Underspeed condition
  • The governor is operating in an under-speed condition when the engine is operating below the rpm set.
  • The governor flyweights tilt inward in this condition.

Propeller Governor (continued)

  • Overspeed condition
  • The governor is operating in an over-speed condition when the engine is operating above the set rpm.
  • The governor flyweights tilt outward in this condition.

Propeller Governor (continued)

  • On-speed Condition
  • The governor is operating at the set rpm; the centrifugal force on flyweights and the spring tension are balanced.
  • The pilot valve does not directly deliver or collect oil from the propeller hydraulic cylinder.

Propeller Governor (continued)

  • Governor System Operation
  • If the engine speed decreases below the set rpm, the rotational force on the engine-driven governor flyweights decreases.
  • The speeder spring moves the pilot valve downward allowing oil to flow to the propeller cylinder, which moves outward

Propeller Governor (continued)

  • Governor System Operation (continued)
  • Governor obtains oil from engine lubricating system for operation.
  • Higher oil pressure, up to 300 psi, allows for quicker blade angle change.
  • Governors direct pressurized oil for hydraulic pitch-changing mechanisms.

Propeller Governor (continued)

  • If the engine speed increases above the set rpm, the flyweights move away enough to overcome the speeder spring tension, raising the pilot valve from their inward position.
  • This action permits oil from the propeller, which causes higher propeller pitch and lowers the engine speed.

Propeller Governor (continued)

  • the governor maintains the required balance between control forces by either metering to or draining from the propeller piston to control the exact quantity of oil necessary to maintain the proper blade angle for constant-speed operations.

Propeller Governor (continued)

  • The mechanism used to adjust the pitch through hydraulic oil pressure

Propeller Auxiliary Systems

  • Overview of auxiliary systems for aircraft propellers, particularly concerning ice control

Ice Control Systems

  • Ice formation on propeller blade produces a distorted blade airfoil section, causing loss of efficiency and producing propeller unbalance, destructive vibration, and also increases the weight of the blade.

Anti-Icing Systems

  • Fluid anti-ice system typically includes a tank, a pump, forces fluid to each propeller, and a control system.
  • Different types of fluids, such as isopropyl alcohol.

Deicing Systems

  • Electric propeller de-icing system and its components (electrical energy source, resistance heating element)
  • System can be controlled and have auxiliary devices.

Propeller Synchronization and Synchrophasing

  • Used on multiple-engine aircraft to control and synchronize engine RPM and thus reducing vibrations.

Autofeathering System

  • An auto-feather system is used normally during takeoff, approach, and landing and feathers automatically when the engine power is lost.
  • This system incorporates a solenoid valve and torque switches to quickly dump oil pressure from the propeller to feather the blades.

Propeller Inspection and Maintenance (continued)

  • General inspection - Propellers are inspected often, using visual observation of blades, hubs, controls and accessories to check for defects.
  • Specific inspections - visual inspection for cracks, dents, warpage, glue failure, delamination, and charring.
  • In-flight inspections, checking for looseness and slipping, separation of soldered joints, loose screws, breaks, cracked sections and corrosion.

Propeller Vibration

  • Propeller unbalance can cause vibration in aircraft. Static imbalance is when the center of gravity of the prop doesn't align with the rotation axis. Dynamic imbalance occurs when the center of gravity of propeller elements, like blades and counterweights, doesn't lie in the same plane with the rotational axis.
  • Identifying the cause of the vibration by checking blade tracking and blade angle settings
  • If the cause is not imbalance, the problem should be with the engine
  • Inspecting for engine vibration to identify if the propeller vibration is related to the engine vibration or the propeller itself.

Blade Tracking

  • Blades all should track one another in the same plane of rotation
  • The difference in tracking points must not exceed the tolerance specified by the manufacturer
  • Inspecting for separation between metal leading edge and the cap.

Checking and Adjusting Propeller Blade Angles

  • Basic maintenance guidelines should be followed to address issues related to improper blade angles
  • Follow the manufacturer's instructions to take the correct measurements and setting of propeller blade angles.
  • Avoid using sharp metal instruments to mark the propeller blades because this can lead to cracks

Universal and Digital Propeller Protractor

  • Universal propeller protractor and digital inclinometer used to check propeller blade angles when the propeller is on a balancing stand or installed on the aircraft engine.
  • Digital inclinometers are used to check blade angles easily and accurately.

Propeller Balancing

  • Propeller unbalance (static and dynamic) can cause vibration in the aircraft
  • Static imbalance occurs when the center of gravity of the propeller does not coincide with the axis of rotation.
  • Dynamic imbalance occurs when the center of gravity of similar propeller elements, such as blades or counterweights, does not follow in the same plane of rotation.
  • Dynamic imbalance is negligible when the propeller assembly is short compared to its diameter, blades lie in the same plane perpendicular to the rotational axis, and the track tolerance requirements are met.
  • Static balancing method to verify if the propeller is balanced.
  • Determining if there is a definite tendency, this involves additional weights and removal of weights.
  • Dynamic balancing to reduce vibration levels for better efficiency and operation.
  • The procedure involves using an analyzer kit fitted to the engine near the propeller with a vibration sensor.

Propeller Removal and Installation (continued)

  • Removing the propeller.
  • Make sure that the propeller is supported in a sling.
  • Removing and replacing the necessary nuts, bolts, studs, or washers (ensure that the components are not damaged during removal or reinstallation)
  • Installing the propeller.
  • Reinstalling and securing the propeller with corresponding holes on the engine mounting flange
  • Positioning the propeller in the right orientations to avoid propeller imbalance.

Setting the Propeller Governor

  • propeller governor incorporates an adjustable stop that limits the maximum speed of the engine.
  • When takeoff rpm is reached, the propeller moves off the low pitch stop, maintaining the prescribed maximum engine speed.
  • During ground run-up procedure, note the resultant RPM and manifold pressure.
  • If RPM is above or below the prescribed maximum in the manufacturer's instructions, carefully adjusting the adjustable stop of the governor.

Servicing Propellers

  • Servicing propellers includes cleaning, lubricating, and replenishing operating fluids for better preservation.
  • Propeller blades should be cleaned using suitable cleaning solution and soft cloth/brushes.
  • Avoiding the use of steel wool or acid/caustic materials and ensuring a high polish if required with commercial metal polish.
  • Proper finishing of the process should include washing, rinsing, and drying.

Charging the Propeller Air Dome

  • Propeller position must be checked for positioning using start locks and following the proper control procedure.
  • Suitable air or nitrogen used to check the air chamber's correct pressure for proper operation.
  • Checking the proper temperature to achieve the correct pressure needed to charge the hub air pressure.

Propeller Lubrication

  • Lubrication of propeller, particularly for those with dissimilar metals, for better corrosion prevention and maintenance.
  • Checking lubrication intervals against manufacturers' specifications.
  • Proper cleaning and maintenance procedures.

Troubleshooting Propellers

  • Basic troubleshooting steps, including reference to manufacturer's guides .Troubleshooting steps should be followed closely.

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