Wood Processing Course Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the focus of the course "Wood Processing" as taught by PD Dr. Euring at the Wood Technology and Wood-based Composites & Biotechnikum, WiSe 24/25?

  • The chemical and physical properties of wood and its various applications. (correct)
  • The history and cultural significance of wood in human civilization.
  • The design and construction of modern wood-based structures.
  • The environmental impact of wood processing and the importance of sustainable forestry.

    • On which day of the week and time does "Wood Processing" take place?

  • Thursday, 10-12 a.m.
  • Friday, 10-12 a.m.
  • Tuesday, 10-12 a.m.
  • Wednesday, 10-12 a.m. (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT a topic covered in "Wood Processing"?

  • Wood carving techniques. (correct)
  • Paper production.
  • Wood preservation and modification.
  • Wood anatomy.

    • Who is the primary instructor for the "Wood Processing" course?

    <p>PD Dr. Euring (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the room where the course takes place?

    <p>FSR 3.1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following books is recommended for the "Wood Processing" course?

    <p>Handbook of WOOD CHEMISTRY AND WOOD COMPOSITES (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the lecture scheduled for Wednesday, November 20th?

    <p>Solid wood products (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a type of wood-based product covered in the course?

    <p>Bamboo products (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate annual production of cellulose per tree in a tropical plantation?

    <p>5 kg (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Hemicellulose?

    <p>Mainly found in late and heartwood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lignin in wood?

    <p>Acting as a cross-linking and stiffening agent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of inorganic substances found in wood?

    <p>Nitrogen (N) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary function of Cellulose in wood?

    <p>Providing strength and structure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic chemical unit of lignin?

    <p>Phenyl propane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three primary uses of wood globally, as outlined in the content?

    <p>Fuel, paper/pulp, and longer-lasting materials (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate global wood consumption in cubic meters (m³) as of 2022?

    <p>4,000 million m³ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of hemicellulose that differentiates it from cellulose?

    <p>Hemicellulose is soluble in a 17.5% solution of caustic soda (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Hemicellulose in wood?

    <p>Acting as a filler and providing flexibility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of wood, as mentioned in the content?

    <p>Ash (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate molecular weight range of cellulose?

    <p>50,000 - 500,000 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of wood consumed globally for fuel?

    <p>50% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT true about the function of lignin in wood?

    <p>Lignin is responsible for the elasticity of wood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of a wood product mentioned in the content for use in construction?

    <p>Asphalt (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms relates to the extraction of wood components with the aim of creating products for healthcare purposes?

    <p>Microcrystalline cellulose and derivatives (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms does NOT relate to a specific type of wood?

    <p>Cool wood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate global production of wood in cubic meters (m³) in 2022?

    <p>4,000 million m³ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is used to describe the process of bleaching wood components to produce a lighter product?

    <p>Bleaching (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the information sources provided, specifically the Wood Handbook and the Wood Technology English Textbook glossary?

    <p>Wood science and engineering applications (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of using timber for construction compared to steel or concrete?

    <p>Timber requires less energy to produce and emits less CO2. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of rosin production is used to waterproof paper?

    <p>30% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of Gum Arabic?

    <p>Exudate from Acacia trees (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main application of Gum Arabic?

    <p>Food and beverage industry (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of 'Hydrosetting' as described?

    <p>An environmentally friendly method for producing plastics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between rosin and Gum Arabic?

    <p>Rosin is a resin and Gum Arabic is a polysaccharide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following materials is NOT an example of an extractive?

    <p>Cellulose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, which of the following is NOT a problem associated with extractives in wood processing?

    <p>Increased wood strength (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of extractives in wood?

    <p>They are often extracted using solvents. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is rosin?

    <p>The viscous residue left after distilling resin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the content, what is the approximate percentage of minerals (ash) found in most wood?

    <p>0.3-1.0% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is teak wood difficult to cut without carbide-tipped saws?

    <p>Its oily surface creates friction and dulls cutting edges. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary problem caused by resins during wood processing?

    <p>Resin can create a sticky paste that clogs sawblades. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about extractives is most accurate based on the content?

    <p>Extractives can be both problematic and advantageous depending on the specific compound and use. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Wood Composition

    The chemical and structural makeup of wood, including cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose.

    Wood Anatomy

    The study of the structure of wood at various levels, including cells and tissues.

    Sawmilling

    The process of converting logs into lumber by cutting them into boards or other shapes.

    Wood Preservation

    Methods used to protect wood from decay, pests, and environmental damage.

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    Fibreboards

    Engineered wood products made from wood fibers, bonded together with adhesives.

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    Particleboards

    Composite wood panels made from wood chips, sawmill shavings, or even sawdust.

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    Oriented Strand Boards (OSB)

    Engineered wood panels made from strands of wood arranged in layers.

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    Wood Plastic Composites (WPC)

    Synthetic materials made from a mix of wood fibers and plastic.

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    Wood Components

    Essential parts of wood, including cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose, and extractives.

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    Lignin

    A complex organic polymer in wood that adds strength and rigidity.

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    Microcrystalline Cellulose

    A refined form of cellulose used in food and pharmaceuticals for texture and stability.

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    Wood as Raw Material

    Wood is an essential global trade product used in various industries.

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    Wood Consumption Purpose

    Different uses of wood: fuel, paper/pulp, and long-lasting materials.

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    Forest Types and Distribution

    Various categories of forests and their geographical locations around the world.

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    Wood Frame House

    A type of building constructed with a wooden framework as its structural support.

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    Forest Industries

    Industries that process forest products, contributing to the national economy.

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    Global Forest Production (2020)

    The estimated volume of wood harvested and its uses globally by 2020.

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    Packing Materials from Wood

    Wood-based materials used for protecting products during shipping and handling.

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    Cellulose

    A polysaccharide made from anhydrous glucose, essential for plant structure.

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    Hydrogen Bonds

    Weak bonds between molecules, crucial for cellulose stability.

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    Hemicellulose

    A polysaccharide mix, mainly composed of pentoses and hexoses, different from cellulose.

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    Degree of Polymerisation (DP)

    Average number of monomeric units in a polymer chain, about 200 for hemicellulose.

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    Function of Cellulose

    Provides structure, elasticity, and storage in plants.

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    Function of Hemicellulose

    Adds structural support and acts as a spacer in plant cell walls.

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    Function of Lignin

    Offers stability, waterproofing, and antibacterial properties in plants.

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    Biomass Production

    Annual global biomass production is 1.2 × 10^17 g, mostly carbon.

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    Inorganic Elements in Wood

    Various minerals like calcium and potassium found in different tree types.

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    Rosin production

    Global rosin production is estimated at 1.2 million tonnes annually.

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    Uses of rosin

    30% of rosin production is used to waterproof paper; also used in adhesives and paints.

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    Gum arabicum

    A natural gum from Acacia senegal and Acacia seyal, used in various products.

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    Gummosis

    Process where trees seal wounds by producing large gum nodules.

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    Hydrosetting plastics

    Novel sustainable plastics alternatives, potentially replacing conventional ones.

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    Wood vs Steel/Concrete

    Using timber instead of steel or concrete lowers energy use and CO2 emissions.

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    Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

    LCA evaluates the environmental impact throughout a product's entire life cycle.

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    Increasing wood supply methods

    Strategies to increase wood supply include better forest management and recycling.

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    Global wood supply projections

    Projected wood supply from forest plantations is expected to increase significantly by 2050.

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    Wood residues potential

    Hundreds of millions of tons of sawmill residues can be converted into composites or energy.

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    Chemical elements in wood

    Wood consists mainly of Carbon (49%), Oxygen (44%), and Hydrogen (6%).

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    Forest conditions for better yield

    Improving forest conditions leads to higher yield and healthier ecosystems.

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    Cascade use

    Refers to recycling wood products multiple times before disposal.

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    Extractives in wood

    Organic compounds that can be extracted from wood, including alkaloids and terpenes.

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    Alkaloids

    Nitrogen-containing compounds with significant physiological effects, examples include morphine and nicotine.

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    Terpene

    Organic compounds that can be extracted and are often responsible for the smell and flavor of plants.

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    Phenolic compounds

    Compounds derived from plant metabolism; includes tannins, which can affect flavor and astringency.

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    Accessory compounds

    Compounds in wood that dissolve in solvents; can cause processing issues but may create market niches.

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    Teak problems

    Teak wood is oily and durable but challenging to cut; requires special tools.

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    Rosin

    A thick substance left after distilling volatile compounds from resin, used in various applications.

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    Resin characteristics

    A viscous liquid made mainly of volatile terpenes, used for glue and creating products like amber.

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    Study Notes

    Wood Processing Course Information

    • Course name: Wood Processing
    • Semester: WiSe 24/25
    • Instructor: PD. Dr. Markus Euring
    • Department: Wood Technology and Wood-based Composites & Biotechnikum
    • University: GEORG-AUGUST-UNIVERSITÄT GÖTTINGEN

    Course Timetable

    • Meeting days: Wednesdays
    • Meeting time: 10:00 AM - 12:00 PM
    • Location: FSR 3.1
    • Dates and topics vary, see schedule for details

    Wood Processing Topics

    • Introduction & wood composition
    • Wood anatomy
    • Wood, water & energy
    • Sawmilling lesson
    • Solid wood products (construction, decorative, i.e., flooring, etc.)
    • Wood preservation and modification (FSR 4.1)
    • Paper production
    • Fibreboards
    • Particleboards
    • Oriented strand boards (OSB)
    • Veneer based products
    • Wood-Plastic Composites (WPC)
    • Wood weathering and decaying
    • Wood processing in the tropic countries and international cooperation on wood processing

    Literature

    • Handbook of WOOD CHEMISTRY and WOOD COMPOSITES, by Roger M. Rowell, Taylor & Francis 2005
    • Science and Technology of Wood – Structure, Properties, Utilization, by (Tsoumis, G.), Publishing House Kessel
    • Wood - Chemistry, Ultrastructure, Reactions, by (Fengel, D. and Wegener, G.), De Gruyter
    • Shmulsky and Jones, Forest Products and Wood Science: An Introduction (2011), Wiley Blackwell
    • Centenial edition: Wood Handbook: wood as an engineering material, https://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fpl gtr190.pdf
    • WOOD TECHNOLOGY ENGLISH TEXTBOOK glossary, https://is.muni.cz/th/gdxwb/Textbook glossary final.pdf
    • Principles of Wood Science and Technology, I Solid Wood, by Kollmann, Franz F.P., Cote, Wilfred A.Jr.
    • R. B. Miller, Wood anatomy, McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology, 9th ed., 2002

    Materials from Wood

    • Paper, Paperboard, Cardboard
    • Toilet paper, Hygienic paper, Paper towel

    Packing Materials

    • Paper
    • Wood wool
    • Wood pulp
    • Cardboard
    • Fiber
    • Veneer
    • Solid

    Construction Materials

    • Wood concrete
    • Lignin as binder (flow property, hardening)
    • Asphalt
    • Wastepaperfiber in silent decking

    Other Components from Wood

    • Cellulose in film (CMC = Carboxymethylcellulose)
    • Microcrystalline cellulose and derivatives

    Cool Wood

    • Ice cream with Cellulose (E 466 CMC = Carboxymethylcellulose)
    • E 460 Cellulose → thickening agents

    Beautiful Wood

    • Nail polish
    • Pigments in wood
    • Drugs
    • Alcohol
    • Phenol

    Modern Wood

    • Combination Fiber-Leather
    • Phenols in lacquer
    • Lignin
    • High density fiber board

    Wooden Teeth

    • Cellulose
    • Flavoring substance (Vanillin)

    Environmental, Technological, and Economic Importance of Wood

    • Forestry and rural development
    • Forest industries and their potential contribution to the national economy
    • Wood is one of the most important raw materials
    • Wood use and ecology
    • Renewable source of energy
    • Role in the global carbon cycle

    Why Foresters and Ecologists Should Know About Wood Use?

    • This question is posed in the document.

    Forest Industries and Their Potential Contribution to the National Economy

    • Sustainable forest management uses forest resources for the benefit of communities and States
    • Maintain value of forest resources; employment, income, and wealth for populations.

    Vegetation of the World

    • Forests form the appearance of the land surface
    • Climate variables: water, wind, temperature, nutrients, erosion, devastation
    • Soil variables: water, wind, temperature, nutrients, erosion, devastation

    Forest Types and Distribution, Distribution of Forests

    • Percentage of country's forest area by forest type (Tropical, Subtropical, Temperate, boreal) for a variety of countries and globally
    • Data about production and trade of forest products in 2020 for different products (roundwood, wood fuel, etc.)
    • Data about consumption of wood by purpose (Construction & furniture, pulp & paper, Fuel & energy )

    Wood as a Raw Material

    • Wood as a raw material is an important global trade product
    • Wood's role in from tree to product process and its transformation stages.

    Very Useful Raw Materials

    • A flow chart demonstrating various wood products from round-wood.

    Consumption of Wood

    • Diagram showing global wood consumption per country.

    Global Production & Trade of Forest Products

    • Data for 2020 on the global production and trade figures, showing units, values, and changes compared to previous years.

    Wood as an Important Raw Material

    • Production and trade of wood from 1995-2050
    • Comparison of wood vs other materials (steel, cement, etc.) in terms of production, energy
    • consumption, and pollution

    Wood Frame House vs. Buildings Made of Other Materials

    • Comparison of wood frame houses with buildings made from other materials (steel, concrete) in terms of various environmental impacts (air pollution, solid waste, resources, energy, greenhouse gases, water pollution, etc.)

    Comparing Environmental Impacts

    • Diagram illustrating the percentage of various environmental impacts for wood, steel and concrete.

    Wood Use and Ecology

    • The use of timber in structural purposes results in lower energy consumption and CO2 emissions.
    • Comparison of energy content, CO2 emissions for different materials (wood, steel, concrete, brick).

    Wood Use and Ecology: LCA

    • LCA for fences made of different materials
    • LCA includes all stages of a product's life cycle (extraction, design, processing, etc.)

    Wood Use and Ecology: GWP

    • Global warming potential of various building materials (wood, steel, concrete)

    Increasing Wood Supply

    • Methods used to increase wood supply, including increasing forest area, establishing plantations, improving sawing technology, better waste management, and longer product use.

    Plantations for Wood Global Supply

    • Projected increase in industrial roundwood production from forest plantations (1995–2050).

    Global Forest Watch

    • Maps showing data on tree cover change from 2000 to 2020

    Potential for Residues

    • Significant global potential for converting sawmill residues into wood composites or energy.

    Basic Construction of Wood

    • Diagram showing basic construction of softwood

    Chemical Elements in Wood

    • Percentage of dry weight for each element (Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Minerals)

    Essential Parts of Wood

    • Diagram demonstrating the composition (organic/inorganic substances, extracts, macromolecules) of wood and their percentages

    Main Organic Compounds of Wood

    • Table presenting average organic makeup of hardwoods and softwoods.

    Where to Find the Components

    • Diagram showing the locations of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in wood structure.

    General Chemistry

    • Comparison between sugar, starch, and cellulose (their properties and chemical structures)

    Carbohydrates

    • Carbohydrates are organic compounds comprising only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and are grouped into classes (monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides).

    Cellulose

    • Made from anhydrous glucose (C6H12O6)
    • Molecular weight is 50,000 to 500,000.
    • Annual production in a tropical plantation per tree: 5kg.
    • Biomass worldwide: 1.2x1017 g per year (0.6x1017 g Carbon)

    H-Bonds in Cellulose

    • Details of H-bonds within cellulose structure.

    Hemicellulose

    • Consisting of different pentoses and hexoses.
    • Soluble in 17.5% solution of caustic soda (NaOH)
    • Degree of polymerisation (DP)≈200.

    Character of Hemicelluloses

    • Structural components of cell walls, short polymers
    • Spacers between cellulose molecules—mainly early and sapwood.

    Hemicelluloses in Wood

    • Table presenting the percentages of different Hemicelluloses in softwood and hardwood.

    Lignin

    • Latin "lignum" = wood.
    • Stored secundarily (lignification)
    • 3-dimensional structure
    • Amorphous
    • Pressure resistant
    • Component not formed from carbohydrate monomers.

    Extractives in Wood

    • Examples: alkaloids (morphine, caffeine, nicotine, cocaine), terpenes (oils, rubber), phenolic compounds (tannin), starch.

    Extractives or Accessory Compounds

    • Soluble in water, alcohol, or other solvents.
    • Examples: waxes, oils, resins, fats, gums, tannins, aromatic, and coloring materials.
    • Minerals are from 0.3-1.0%.

    Some Examples of Problems Caused by Accessory Compounds

    • Examples include teak (oily touch, difficult to cut, require surface treatment), Doussi (dulling saw teeth), Wenge (blunting of cutting edges).

    Resins: Problems and Uses

    • Resins are more or less viscous liquids.
    • Terpenes make resins sticky.
    • Problems that occur during sawing due to resins sticking to sawblade.
    • Resin used for numerous products (terpentine, glue, etc.)
    • Amber as jewelry.

    Rosin

    • Viscous substance left after distillation of volatile substances in resin.
    • Used for waterproofing paper and in adhesives.

    Gum arabicum

    • Prepared from an exudate of stems & branches of Acacia trees.
    • Key ingredient in various products (soft drinks, confectionery, adhesives).

    Hydrosetting Plastics

    • Novel alternative to replace non-sustainable plastics - lignin-based adhesives
    • Uses water to connect wood components to create a strong adhesive.

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    Wood Processing WiSe 24/25 - PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge about the 'Wood Processing' course taught by PD Dr. Euring at the Wood Technology and Wood-based Composites department. This quiz covers course topics, scheduling, recommended books, and key concepts in wood technology. Perfect for students and anyone interested in wood processing.

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