Wireless Sensor Networks - Architectural Framework and Basic Components
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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of a source encoder?

  • To modulate the analog signal for wireless transmission
  • To convert an analog signal into a digital sequence (correct)
  • To filter out noise from the analog signal
  • To amplify the analog signal for better transmission

    • What is the role of quantization in source encoding?

  • To remove redundancy from the analog signal
  • To smooth out the analog signal
  • To approximate the analog signal into discrete levels (correct)
  • To convert the analog signal into a continuous digital signal

    • How many distinct levels can be represented by a 3-bit resolution quantizer?

  • 6 levels
  • 16 levels
  • 3 levels
  • 8 levels (correct)

    • What is the quantization error?

    <p>The difference between the sampled value and the original analog value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the probability density function $P_s(t)$ in source encoding?

    <p>It represents the distribution of the quantization error over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the sink in Directed Diffusion?

    <p>To reinforce one particular neighbor based on some data-driven local rule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Directed Diffusion, how does the source send data towards the sink?

    <p>By establishing gradients towards multiple neighbors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is communication handled in Directed Diffusion?

    <p>All neighbor-to-neighbor communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Directed Diffusion use to establish a reply link towards the neighbor from which interest was received?

    <p>Gradients towards multiple neighbors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Directed Diffusion differ from SPIN in terms of querying?

    <p>SPIN issues interests on demand by the sink</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does reinforcement play in Directed Diffusion?

    <p>Reinforcing a particular neighbor based on some local rule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the distance between dreams and reality?

    <p>Action Gap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of wireless sensor networks, which chapter covers characteristics of MAC protocols in sensor networks?

    <p>Chapter 6: Medium Access Control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chapter discusses the concept of Flooding and Gossiping in the context of wireless sensor networks?

    <p>Chapter 7: Network Layer Routing Metrics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe MAC protocols that do not require devices to contend for access to the medium?

    <p>Contention-Free MAC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of routing protocol in wireless sensor networks is based on data characteristics rather than individual device addresses?

    <p>Data-Centric Routing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of routing protocol in wireless sensor networks is activated only when needed?

    <p>On-Demand Routing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary routing mechanism used by GFPG within the target region?

    <p>A combination of geocast and perimeter routing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do nodes outside the target region forward packets in GFPG?

    <p>They use the right-hand rule to forward packets along the planar graph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of QoS-based routing protocols?

    <p>To explicitly address one or more Quality-of-Service (QoS) metrics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an example of a QoS metric?

    <p>High network throughput</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In GFPG, what happens when a packet reaches a void (a node with no suitable neighbor to forward the packet)?

    <p>Perimeter routing is used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does GFPG ensure delivery of packets to all nodes within the target region?

    <p>It uses flooding to all nodes in the region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using pulse code modulation (PCM) for source encoding?

    <p>It greatly enhances the transmission and regeneration of binary words</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between pulse code modulation (PCM) and delta modulation?

    <p>PCM transmits the actual signal values, while delta modulation transmits the difference between successive signal values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 'difference signal' ($V_d(t)$) in delta modulation?

    <p>It is used to determine the polarity of the pulse to be transmitted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many distinct signal levels can be represented using a 2-bit PCM encoding scheme?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key disadvantage of pulse code modulation (PCM)?

    <p>It introduces quantization error in the transmitted signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

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