AODV Blackhole Attack in Wireless Sensor Networks

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Questions and Answers

In the context of AODV, what is the purpose of the Route Reply (RREP) packet?

To request a route to the destination node

To flood the network with route requests

To increment the destination sequence number

To establish a reverse path to the source node (correct)

How many transmissions are typically required before the first data packet is sent in AODV?

3 (correct)

What is the purpose of Destination Sequence Numbers in AODV routing?

To avoid loops by maintaining freshness of routes (correct)

To limit the number of nodes that can be discovered

To establish a route between neighboring nodes

To keep track of the number of hops between nodes

Which path does the Route Request (RREQ) packet follow in the AODV example provided?

1-3-5 Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Forward Path Entry in AODV routing?

To record intermediate hops towards a destination Signup and view all the answers

Why is flooding not a preferred method for route discovery in AODV networks?

It slows down the network due to excessive control traffic Signup and view all the answers

What action can an intruder take in AODV to become part of the route to a destination?

Send a RREP packet with a new dest_seq number higher than the current dest_seq number Signup and view all the answers

How can an intruder perform a blackhole attack in AODV?

Advertise itself as having the fresher route by sending a RREP packet with a higher dest_seq number Signup and view all the answers

In AODV, what does a higher value of dest_seq indicate about a route?

A fresher route Signup and view all the answers

What is one way for an intruder to manipulate routing in AODV?

Sending false RREP packets with higher dest_seq numbers Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to consider the destination sequence number in AODV routing?

To prevent intruders from advertising false routes Signup and view all the answers

In the ZigBee Routing Protocol ZBR, what happens when a node becomes a cluster head?

Its Cskip value is set to 0. Signup and view all the answers

What defines the shape of the topology in ZigBee Routing Protocol ZBR?

Cskip Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about routers in ZigBee's Cluster Tree?

Each router has an address pool for newly associated nodes. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Cskip value equal when the depth of a router equals the maximum depth of the Cluster Tree?

0 Signup and view all the answers

How is the destination node determined in the ZigBee ZBR Algorithm when sending a message?

(Adr + 1) + (Adrdest - (Adr + 1))/Cskip(d) Signup and view all the answers

When does the next hop become the parent node in the Cluster Tree?

Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

AODV Protocol

A relay needs energy and memory capacity to relay packets and maintain a routing table
The residual energy at nodes is not taken into account
A higher value of dest_seq means a fresher route
An intruder can advertise itself as having a fresher route by sending a route reply (RREP) packet with a new dest_seq number larger than the current dest_seq number
This allows the intruder to become part of the route to the destination (blackhole attack)

AODV Operations

Hop counter is used to save and relay packets
RREQ (Route Request) and RREP (Route Reply) packets are used to establish routes
RREQ packet contains the destination address and origination address
RREP packet contains the destination address, origination address, and hop count

AODV Exercise

RREQ packet is sent from node 1 to node 10
The route is established through nodes 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10
8 transmissions are needed before the first packet is delivered
12 RREQ and 3 RREP packets are sent in total

ZigBee Routing Protocol (ZBR)

ZBR is a hierarchical routing protocol based on hierarchical addresses and topology (Cluster Tree)
There are two types of nodes: routers and end-devices
Routers can route messages and attribute addresses
Each router has an address pool defined by a Cskip (Cluster skip) formula
Cskip is based on four parameters: depth (d), maximum depth (Lm), maximum number of child nodes (Cm), and maximum number of child router nodes (Rm)

ZBR Algorithm

The algorithm uses the Cskip formula to determine the next hop address
The algorithm checks if the destination is a descendant, and if so, calculates the next hop address
If the destination is an end device, the next hop address is the router address
Otherwise, the next hop address is calculated using the Cskip formula

Cluster Tree Example

The example shows a Cluster Tree with nodes A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, and J
Node E wants to send a message to node F
The algorithm is used to determine the next hop address

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Description

Learn about the blackhole attack in Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. Understand how intruders can manipulate route discovery to deceive nodes and disrupt communication.