Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the duration of a frame in LTE FDD?
What is the duration of a frame in LTE FDD?
- 5ms
- 15ms
- 10ms (correct)
- 20ms
What is the purpose of LTE Unlicensed (LTE-U)?
What is the purpose of LTE Unlicensed (LTE-U)?
- To access 'extra' bandwidth in the DL using the unlicensed band (correct)
- To improve network utilization and user experience
- To provide high data rates and low latency
- To support scalable connectivity and transmission of small payloads
What is the main advantage of using Carrier Aggregation in 4G?
What is the main advantage of using Carrier Aggregation in 4G?
- Improves network utilization and user experience
- Provides frequency diversity
- Enables deployment of eNBs anywhere with an IP connection
- Supports higher data rates (correct)
Which feature helps conserve battery life in 3G UMTS?
Which feature helps conserve battery life in 3G UMTS?
What is the purpose of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) in 5G?
What is the purpose of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) in 5G?
What type of routing approach is Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV)?
What type of routing approach is Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV)?
In Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), what is the purpose of Route Discovery?
In Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), what is the purpose of Route Discovery?
What is a disadvantage of Adhoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing?
What is a disadvantage of Adhoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing?
Which routing approach keeps no state at intermediate routers?
Which routing approach keeps no state at intermediate routers?
What happens when a node notices a large loss using a route in Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)?
What happens when a node notices a large loss using a route in Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)?
What does Wi-Fi stand for?
What does Wi-Fi stand for?
What is the main characteristic of WLAN attenuation?
What is the main characteristic of WLAN attenuation?
What is the purpose of an Access Point (AP) in infrastructure mode in IEEE 802.11 architecture?
What is the purpose of an Access Point (AP) in infrastructure mode in IEEE 802.11 architecture?
Which IEEE 802.11 standard introduced Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)?
Which IEEE 802.11 standard introduced Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)?
What does MIMO stand for in the context of IEEE 802.11?
What does MIMO stand for in the context of IEEE 802.11?
What frequency band is used for downlink in Ku band for satellite transmissions?
What frequency band is used for downlink in Ku band for satellite transmissions?
What is the main advantage of Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellites?
What is the main advantage of Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellites?
What is the main focus of 5G spectrum usage scenarios?
What is the main focus of 5G spectrum usage scenarios?
What is the purpose of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) in wireless networks?
What is the purpose of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) in wireless networks?
What is the main challenge mentioned in the context of wireless networks?
What is the main challenge mentioned in the context of wireless networks?
What is the frequency range used for 2nd Generation Systems (2G)?
What is the frequency range used for 2nd Generation Systems (2G)?
What was the major limitation of the 450/900 MHz Analog system?
What was the major limitation of the 450/900 MHz Analog system?
What technology was introduced in 2.5G to enable packet switching and IP-based connectivity?
What technology was introduced in 2.5G to enable packet switching and IP-based connectivity?
What technology did 3rd Generation Systems (3G) utilize to support higher data rates?
What technology did 3rd Generation Systems (3G) utilize to support higher data rates?
What was the motivation behind the evolution from 2G to 3G?
What was the motivation behind the evolution from 2G to 3G?
Which IEEE standard introduced channel bonding and MU-MIMO?
Which IEEE standard introduced channel bonding and MU-MIMO?
What technology does IEEE 802.11ax support for uplink, enhanced Spatial Reuse, and 1024 QAM?
What technology does IEEE 802.11ax support for uplink, enhanced Spatial Reuse, and 1024 QAM?
What does the Network Allocation Vector (NAV) indicate?
What does the Network Allocation Vector (NAV) indicate?
Which IEEE layer includes Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) and Point Coordination Function (PCF)?
Which IEEE layer includes Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) and Point Coordination Function (PCF)?
What does Dynamic Sensitivity Control (DSC) in IEEE 802.11ax aim to optimize?
What does Dynamic Sensitivity Control (DSC) in IEEE 802.11ax aim to optimize?
What is the purpose of Discontinuous Reception Support in 3G UMTS?
What is the purpose of Discontinuous Reception Support in 3G UMTS?
What is the main advantage of Carrier Aggregation in 4G?
What is the main advantage of Carrier Aggregation in 4G?
What is the main focus of 5G spectrum usage scenarios?
What is the main focus of 5G spectrum usage scenarios?
What technology did 3rd Generation Systems (3G) utilize to support higher data rates?
What technology did 3rd Generation Systems (3G) utilize to support higher data rates?
What is the duration of a frame in LTE FDD?
What is the duration of a frame in LTE FDD?
Which IEEE 802.11 standard operates in 2.5 GHz and is backwards compatible with 802.11b?
Which IEEE 802.11 standard operates in 2.5 GHz and is backwards compatible with 802.11b?
In IEEE 802.11, what does the term 'Ad Hoc Mode' refer to?
In IEEE 802.11, what does the term 'Ad Hoc Mode' refer to?
What is the main challenge mentioned in the context of WLAN characteristics?
What is the main challenge mentioned in the context of WLAN characteristics?
Which IEEE 802.11 standard introduced Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)?
Which IEEE 802.11 standard introduced Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)?
What is the purpose of an Access Point (AP) in infrastructure mode in IEEE 802.11 architecture?
What is the purpose of an Access Point (AP) in infrastructure mode in IEEE 802.11 architecture?
What is the main difference between Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Adhoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing?
What is the main difference between Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Adhoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing?
What is the purpose of Route Discovery in Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)?
What is the purpose of Route Discovery in Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)?
What is the main advantage of Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) approach?
What is the main advantage of Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) approach?
In Adhoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing, what happens when a node notices a large loss using the route?
In Adhoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing, what happens when a node notices a large loss using the route?
What is the main challenge mentioned in the context of routing in Multihop Networks?
What is the main challenge mentioned in the context of routing in Multihop Networks?
What technology was introduced in IEEE 802.11ac to support up to 4 users simultaneously?
What technology was introduced in IEEE 802.11ac to support up to 4 users simultaneously?
What is the purpose of Network Allocation Vector (NAV) in wireless networks?
What is the purpose of Network Allocation Vector (NAV) in wireless networks?
Which IEEE layer includes Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) and Point Coordination Function (PCF)?
Which IEEE layer includes Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) and Point Coordination Function (PCF)?
What does Dynamic Sensitivity Control (DSC) in IEEE 802.11ax aim to optimize?
What does Dynamic Sensitivity Control (DSC) in IEEE 802.11ax aim to optimize?
What is the purpose of Chapter 7 in the context of Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWANs)?
What is the purpose of Chapter 7 in the context of Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWANs)?
What technology was introduced in 2.5G to enable packet switching and IP-based connectivity?
What technology was introduced in 2.5G to enable packet switching and IP-based connectivity?
What was the main motivation behind the evolution from 2G to 3G?
What was the main motivation behind the evolution from 2G to 3G?
What was a major limitation of the 450/900 MHz Analog system?
What was a major limitation of the 450/900 MHz Analog system?
What was the primary technology utilized in 3rd Generation Systems (3G) to support higher data rates?
What was the primary technology utilized in 3rd Generation Systems (3G) to support higher data rates?
What were the crucial components in the 2G System Architecture?
What were the crucial components in the 2G System Architecture?
What frequency range is used for downlink in Ku band for satellite transmissions?
What frequency range is used for downlink in Ku band for satellite transmissions?
What is the main purpose of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) in wireless networks?
What is the main purpose of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) in wireless networks?
What is the main characteristic of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites?
What is the main characteristic of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites?
What frequency range does the C band operate in for satellite transmissions?
What frequency range does the C band operate in for satellite transmissions?
What is the main focus of 5G spectrum usage scenarios?
What is the main focus of 5G spectrum usage scenarios?
What frequency range is used for uplink in Ku band for satellite transmissions?
What frequency range is used for uplink in Ku band for satellite transmissions?
What is the round trip time for a signal to bounce from earth to Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite and back to earth?
What is the round trip time for a signal to bounce from earth to Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite and back to earth?
What is the main purpose of Mobile IP in wireless networks?
What is the main purpose of Mobile IP in wireless networks?
What is the main characteristic of Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellites?
What is the main characteristic of Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellites?
What is the main focus of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) in 5G?
What is the main focus of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) in 5G?
What is the main advantage of Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) approach?
What is the main advantage of Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) approach?
In Adhoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing, what happens when a node notices a large loss using the route?
In Adhoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing, what happens when a node notices a large loss using the route?
What is the main focus of 5G spectrum usage scenarios?
What is the main focus of 5G spectrum usage scenarios?
Which routing approach would you use in a scenario with node mobility? Why/Why not?
Which routing approach would you use in a scenario with node mobility? Why/Why not?
What is the purpose of Network Allocation Vector (NAV) in wireless networks?
What is the purpose of Network Allocation Vector (NAV) in wireless networks?
What is the purpose of Inter Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC) in LTE?
What is the purpose of Inter Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC) in LTE?
What is the main focus of the 5G spectrum usage scenarios?
What is the main focus of the 5G spectrum usage scenarios?
What is the purpose of LTE Unlicensed (LTE-U) or License Assisted Access (LAA)?
What is the purpose of LTE Unlicensed (LTE-U) or License Assisted Access (LAA)?
What technology does LTE-M (for IoT) primarily aim to achieve?
What technology does LTE-M (for IoT) primarily aim to achieve?
What is the main advantage of Small Cells, also known as Home eNodeBs (HeNBs) or Home Base Stations (HBS)?
What is the main advantage of Small Cells, also known as Home eNodeBs (HeNBs) or Home Base Stations (HBS)?
What is the purpose of the Network Allocation Vector (NAV) in IEEE 802.11?
What is the purpose of the Network Allocation Vector (NAV) in IEEE 802.11?
What is the purpose of Dynamic Sensitivity Control (DSC) in IEEE 802.11ax?
What is the purpose of Dynamic Sensitivity Control (DSC) in IEEE 802.11ax?
What technology was introduced in IEEE 802.11ac and 802.11ax to enhance data transmission?
What technology was introduced in IEEE 802.11ac and 802.11ax to enhance data transmission?
What is the main function of the MAC Sublayer in IEEE 802.11?
What is the main function of the MAC Sublayer in IEEE 802.11?
What is the primary purpose of Association/Reassociation in wireless networks?
What is the primary purpose of Association/Reassociation in wireless networks?
What is the frequency range of operation for IEEE 802.11a standard?
What is the frequency range of operation for IEEE 802.11a standard?
Which IEEE 802.11 standard introduced the concept of Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)?
Which IEEE 802.11 standard introduced the concept of Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)?
What is the primary characteristic of WLAN attenuation?
What is the primary characteristic of WLAN attenuation?
What is the main difference between Basic Service Set (BSS) and Extended Service Set (ESS) in IEEE 802.11 architecture?
What is the main difference between Basic Service Set (BSS) and Extended Service Set (ESS) in IEEE 802.11 architecture?
What is the primary characteristic of Multipath propagation in wireless communication?
What is the primary characteristic of Multipath propagation in wireless communication?
Which generation of mobile communication systems aimed to use the 900 MHz band and became the most successful system with over 1 billion subscribers in 2004?
Which generation of mobile communication systems aimed to use the 900 MHz band and became the most successful system with over 1 billion subscribers in 2004?
What were the crucial components in the 2G System Architecture?
What were the crucial components in the 2G System Architecture?
What technology was introduced in 2.5G, enabling packet switching, IP-based connectivity, and eased migration to newer generations?
What technology was introduced in 2.5G, enabling packet switching, IP-based connectivity, and eased migration to newer generations?
What was the motivation behind the evolution from 2G to 3G?
What was the motivation behind the evolution from 2G to 3G?
What technology did 3rd Generation Systems (3G) utilize to support higher data rates?
What technology did 3rd Generation Systems (3G) utilize to support higher data rates?
Study Notes
Wireless Network Standards and Technologies Overview
- 802.11ac introduced channel bonding and MU-MIMO, supporting up to 4 users simultaneously with 256 QAM.
- 802.11ax supports up to 8 users simultaneously, OFDMA in uplink, enhanced Spatial Reuse, and 1024 QAM.
- Network Allocation Vector is a timer showing the time before stations can check channel idleness.
- MAC Sublayer includes Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) and Point Coordination Function (PCF).
- Super Frame is a repetition interval protocol addressing contention-free PCF and contention-based DCF traffic.
- Association/Reassociation involves passive and active scans, and reassociation when roaming.
- WLAN performance is affected by channel selection/allocation, traffic awareness, and coordination selection.
- IEEE provides multi-rate capability, with lower rates being robust but providing less throughput.
- WLAN challenges include denser deployments, increasing STAs & APs, and the need to enhance Spatial Reuse.
- Dynamic Sensitivity Control (DSC) in IEEE 802.11ax aims to optimize Clear Channel Assessment Threshold (CCATH).
- Chapter 7 covers Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWANs), spectrum re-use, cell types, and multiple access principles.
- Duplex operation includes simplex and duplex modes, with Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD) options for UL and DL.
Evolution of Mobile Communication Technologies
- Frequency modulation in 450/900 MHz Analog system was a major achievement but led to capacity crunch and lacked security features
- 2nd Generation Systems (2G) aimed to use 900 MHz band, became the most successful system with 1+ billion subscribers in 2004, and enabled international roaming
- 2G System Architecture included BTS, BSC, MSC, and GMSC, with equipment identity (IMEI) and subscriber identity (SIM) being crucial components
- Control Channels, like forward and reverse control channels, were used for paging, call setup, and responding to paging requests
- Call initiation and reception involved access requests, network location checks, and allocation of radio channels
- Handovers occurred due to signal quality drop or load balancing, involving network-initiated procedures for channel reservation and confirmation
- Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) transitioned from 1G Analog to a 2G Digital System, combining FDMA and TDMA for efficiency
- 2.5G introduced General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), enabling packet switching, IP-based connectivity, and eased migration to newer generations
- GPRS Architecture included SGSN for data services within the network and GGSN as the default gateway to the outside world
- 3rd Generation Systems (3G) were motivated by the need for higher data rates, leading to the evolution from 2G to 2.5G to support voice, text messaging, and packet switching
- W-CDMA Technology utilized 5MHz bandwidth and employed various techniques to support higher data rates, including increased spectrum, transmit power, and antenna utilization
- The transition from 2G to 3G marked a significant advancement in mobile communication technologies, addressing the need for higher data rates and international standards.
Evolution of Mobile Communication Technologies
- Frequency modulation in 450/900 MHz Analog system was a major achievement but led to capacity crunch and lacked security features
- 2nd Generation Systems (2G) aimed to use 900 MHz band, became the most successful system with 1+ billion subscribers in 2004, and enabled international roaming
- 2G System Architecture included BTS, BSC, MSC, and GMSC, with equipment identity (IMEI) and subscriber identity (SIM) being crucial components
- Control Channels, like forward and reverse control channels, were used for paging, call setup, and responding to paging requests
- Call initiation and reception involved access requests, network location checks, and allocation of radio channels
- Handovers occurred due to signal quality drop or load balancing, involving network-initiated procedures for channel reservation and confirmation
- Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) transitioned from 1G Analog to a 2G Digital System, combining FDMA and TDMA for efficiency
- 2.5G introduced General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), enabling packet switching, IP-based connectivity, and eased migration to newer generations
- GPRS Architecture included SGSN for data services within the network and GGSN as the default gateway to the outside world
- 3rd Generation Systems (3G) were motivated by the need for higher data rates, leading to the evolution from 2G to 2.5G to support voice, text messaging, and packet switching
- W-CDMA Technology utilized 5MHz bandwidth and employed various techniques to support higher data rates, including increased spectrum, transmit power, and antenna utilization
- The transition from 2G to 3G marked a significant advancement in mobile communication technologies, addressing the need for higher data rates and international standards.
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