Wireless Network Standards and Technologies Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the duration of a frame in LTE FDD?

  • 5ms
  • 15ms
  • 10ms (correct)
  • 20ms

    • What is the purpose of LTE Unlicensed (LTE-U)?

  • To access 'extra' bandwidth in the DL using the unlicensed band (correct)
  • To improve network utilization and user experience
  • To provide high data rates and low latency
  • To support scalable connectivity and transmission of small payloads

    • What is the main advantage of using Carrier Aggregation in 4G?

  • Improves network utilization and user experience
  • Provides frequency diversity
  • Enables deployment of eNBs anywhere with an IP connection
  • Supports higher data rates (correct)

    • Which feature helps conserve battery life in 3G UMTS?

    <p>Discontinuous Reception Support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) in 5G?

    <p>To enable multiple access for uplink transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of routing approach is Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV)?

    <p>Proactive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), what is the purpose of Route Discovery?

    <p>To find a route from the source to the destination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of Adhoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing?

    <p>First packet has large delay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which routing approach keeps no state at intermediate routers?

    <p>Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a node notices a large loss using a route in Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)?

    <p>It informs the source to use a new route with the next sequence number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Wi-Fi stand for?

    <p>Wireless Fidelity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of WLAN attenuation?

    <p>The strength of the signals weakens as it disperses in all directions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an Access Point (AP) in infrastructure mode in IEEE 802.11 architecture?

    <p>To provide backhaul and enable connectivity for nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which IEEE 802.11 standard introduced Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)?

    <p>802.11a</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does MIMO stand for in the context of IEEE 802.11?

    <p>Multiple Input Multiple Output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What frequency band is used for downlink in Ku band for satellite transmissions?

    <p>11.7-12.7 GHz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellites?

    <p>Bigger earth footprint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of 5G spectrum usage scenarios?

    <p>Satisfying high data rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) in wireless networks?

    <p>Uses power domain for signal separation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main challenge mentioned in the context of wireless networks?

    <p>Too many bands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the frequency range used for 2nd Generation Systems (2G)?

    <p>450/900 MHz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the major limitation of the 450/900 MHz Analog system?

    <p>Capacity crunch and lacked security features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technology was introduced in 2.5G to enable packet switching and IP-based connectivity?

    <p>General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technology did 3rd Generation Systems (3G) utilize to support higher data rates?

    <p>W-CDMA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the motivation behind the evolution from 2G to 3G?

    <p>Need for higher data rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which IEEE standard introduced channel bonding and MU-MIMO?

    <p>802.11ac</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technology does IEEE 802.11ax support for uplink, enhanced Spatial Reuse, and 1024 QAM?

    <p>OFDMA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Network Allocation Vector (NAV) indicate?

    <p>Time before stations can check channel idleness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which IEEE layer includes Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) and Point Coordination Function (PCF)?

    <p>MAC Sublayer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Dynamic Sensitivity Control (DSC) in IEEE 802.11ax aim to optimize?

    <p>Clear Channel Assessment Threshold (CCATH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Discontinuous Reception Support in 3G UMTS?

    <p>To conserve battery life by putting the radio to sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of Carrier Aggregation in 4G?

    <p>Supports higher data rates by allocating more than 20MHz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of 5G spectrum usage scenarios?

    <p>Extreme Mobil Broadband (xMBB)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technology did 3rd Generation Systems (3G) utilize to support higher data rates?

    <p>CDMA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of a frame in LTE FDD?

    <p>10ms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which IEEE 802.11 standard operates in 2.5 GHz and is backwards compatible with 802.11b?

    <p>802.11g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In IEEE 802.11, what does the term 'Ad Hoc Mode' refer to?

    <p>Infrastructure mode where nodes talk to each other directly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main challenge mentioned in the context of WLAN characteristics?

    <p>Error correction in wireless networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which IEEE 802.11 standard introduced Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)?

    <p>802.11a</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an Access Point (AP) in infrastructure mode in IEEE 802.11 architecture?

    <p>To enable connectivity in home/office networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Adhoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing?

    <p>DSR initiates route discovery when needed, while AODV only discovers routes when needed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Route Discovery in Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)?

    <p>To find the route to the destination by broadcasting a route request (RREQ) to all neighbors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) approach?

    <p>Intermediate routers keep no state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Adhoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing, what happens when a node notices a large loss using the route?

    <p>It informs the source to use a new route with the next sequence number.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main challenge mentioned in the context of routing in Multihop Networks?

    <p>Adaptation of routes due to topology changes from mobility and link changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technology was introduced in IEEE 802.11ac to support up to 4 users simultaneously?

    <p>Channel bonding and MU-MIMO</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Network Allocation Vector (NAV) in wireless networks?

    <p>Showing the time before stations can check channel idleness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which IEEE layer includes Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) and Point Coordination Function (PCF)?

    <p>Data link layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Dynamic Sensitivity Control (DSC) in IEEE 802.11ax aim to optimize?

    <p>Clear Channel Assessment Threshold (CCATH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Chapter 7 in the context of Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWANs)?

    <p>Covering spectrum re-use, cell types, and multiple access principles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technology was introduced in 2.5G to enable packet switching and IP-based connectivity?

    <p>General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main motivation behind the evolution from 2G to 3G?

    <p>Need for higher data rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major limitation of the 450/900 MHz Analog system?

    <p>Capacity crunch and lack of security features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary technology utilized in 3rd Generation Systems (3G) to support higher data rates?

    <p>Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the crucial components in the 2G System Architecture?

    <p>Equipment Identity (IMEI) and Subscriber Identity (SIM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What frequency range is used for downlink in Ku band for satellite transmissions?

    <p>11.7-12.7 GHz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) in wireless networks?

    <p>Isolates signals using same resources based on power level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites?

    <p>Low latency and low-powered terrestrial devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What frequency range does the C band operate in for satellite transmissions?

    <p>3.6-7 GHz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of 5G spectrum usage scenarios?

    <p>Satisfying high data rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What frequency range is used for uplink in Ku band for satellite transmissions?

    <p>17.3-31 GHz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the round trip time for a signal to bounce from earth to Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite and back to earth?

    <p>20 to 40 milliseconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of Mobile IP in wireless networks?

    <p>Maintain existing connections without breaking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellites?

    <p>Circles the earth at an altitude between 1,500 to 1,000 miles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) in 5G?

    <p>Improves system capacity and fairness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) approach?

    <p>It keeps no state at intermediate routers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Adhoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing, what happens when a node notices a large loss using the route?

    <p>It informs the source to use a new route with the next sequence number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of 5G spectrum usage scenarios?

    <p>Enhanced mobile broadband, massive machine type communications, and ultra-reliable low latency communications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which routing approach would you use in a scenario with node mobility? Why/Why not?

    <p>Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), due to its route discovery only when needed and no state at intermediate routers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Network Allocation Vector (NAV) in wireless networks?

    <p>To indicate the duration of time that the medium will be busy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Inter Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC) in LTE?

    <p>To prevent high power on resource blocks from causing interference to each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the 5G spectrum usage scenarios?

    <p>Extreme Mobil Broadband (xMBB) with high data rates and low latency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of LTE Unlicensed (LTE-U) or License Assisted Access (LAA)?

    <p>Accessing 'extra' bandwidth in the DL using the unlicensed band</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technology does LTE-M (for IoT) primarily aim to achieve?

    <p>Low complexity and long battery life for low data rate applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of Small Cells, also known as Home eNodeBs (HeNBs) or Home Base Stations (HBS)?

    <p>Helping to plug indoor coverage holes and improving capacity due to extensive frequency reuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Network Allocation Vector (NAV) in IEEE 802.11?

    <p>It indicates the time before stations can check channel idleness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Dynamic Sensitivity Control (DSC) in IEEE 802.11ax?

    <p>To optimize Clear Channel Assessment Threshold (CCATH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technology was introduced in IEEE 802.11ac and 802.11ax to enhance data transmission?

    <p>MU-MIMO and OFDMA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the MAC Sublayer in IEEE 802.11?

    <p>It includes Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) and Point Coordination Function (PCF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Association/Reassociation in wireless networks?

    <p>To establish or re-establish a connection when roaming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the frequency range of operation for IEEE 802.11a standard?

    <p>5 GHz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which IEEE 802.11 standard introduced the concept of Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)?

    <p>802.11n</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of WLAN attenuation?

    <p>The signal weakens as it disperses in all directions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Basic Service Set (BSS) and Extended Service Set (ESS) in IEEE 802.11 architecture?

    <p>BSS includes an Access Point, while ESS does not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Multipath propagation in wireless communication?

    <p>The receiver may receive more than one signal from the same sender</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which generation of mobile communication systems aimed to use the 900 MHz band and became the most successful system with over 1 billion subscribers in 2004?

    <p>2nd Generation Systems (2G)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the crucial components in the 2G System Architecture?

    <p>Base Transceiver Station (BTS), Base Station Controller (BSC), Mobile Switching Center (MSC), and Gateway Mobile Switching Center (GMSC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technology was introduced in 2.5G, enabling packet switching, IP-based connectivity, and eased migration to newer generations?

    <p>General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the motivation behind the evolution from 2G to 3G?

    <p>Requirement for higher data rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technology did 3rd Generation Systems (3G) utilize to support higher data rates?

    <p>Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Wireless Network Standards and Technologies Overview

    • 802.11ac introduced channel bonding and MU-MIMO, supporting up to 4 users simultaneously with 256 QAM.
    • 802.11ax supports up to 8 users simultaneously, OFDMA in uplink, enhanced Spatial Reuse, and 1024 QAM.
    • Network Allocation Vector is a timer showing the time before stations can check channel idleness.
    • MAC Sublayer includes Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) and Point Coordination Function (PCF).
    • Super Frame is a repetition interval protocol addressing contention-free PCF and contention-based DCF traffic.
    • Association/Reassociation involves passive and active scans, and reassociation when roaming.
    • WLAN performance is affected by channel selection/allocation, traffic awareness, and coordination selection.
    • IEEE provides multi-rate capability, with lower rates being robust but providing less throughput.
    • WLAN challenges include denser deployments, increasing STAs & APs, and the need to enhance Spatial Reuse.
    • Dynamic Sensitivity Control (DSC) in IEEE 802.11ax aims to optimize Clear Channel Assessment Threshold (CCATH).
    • Chapter 7 covers Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWANs), spectrum re-use, cell types, and multiple access principles.
    • Duplex operation includes simplex and duplex modes, with Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD) options for UL and DL.

    Evolution of Mobile Communication Technologies

    • Frequency modulation in 450/900 MHz Analog system was a major achievement but led to capacity crunch and lacked security features
    • 2nd Generation Systems (2G) aimed to use 900 MHz band, became the most successful system with 1+ billion subscribers in 2004, and enabled international roaming
    • 2G System Architecture included BTS, BSC, MSC, and GMSC, with equipment identity (IMEI) and subscriber identity (SIM) being crucial components
    • Control Channels, like forward and reverse control channels, were used for paging, call setup, and responding to paging requests
    • Call initiation and reception involved access requests, network location checks, and allocation of radio channels
    • Handovers occurred due to signal quality drop or load balancing, involving network-initiated procedures for channel reservation and confirmation
    • Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) transitioned from 1G Analog to a 2G Digital System, combining FDMA and TDMA for efficiency
    • 2.5G introduced General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), enabling packet switching, IP-based connectivity, and eased migration to newer generations
    • GPRS Architecture included SGSN for data services within the network and GGSN as the default gateway to the outside world
    • 3rd Generation Systems (3G) were motivated by the need for higher data rates, leading to the evolution from 2G to 2.5G to support voice, text messaging, and packet switching
    • W-CDMA Technology utilized 5MHz bandwidth and employed various techniques to support higher data rates, including increased spectrum, transmit power, and antenna utilization
    • The transition from 2G to 3G marked a significant advancement in mobile communication technologies, addressing the need for higher data rates and international standards.

    Evolution of Mobile Communication Technologies

    • Frequency modulation in 450/900 MHz Analog system was a major achievement but led to capacity crunch and lacked security features
    • 2nd Generation Systems (2G) aimed to use 900 MHz band, became the most successful system with 1+ billion subscribers in 2004, and enabled international roaming
    • 2G System Architecture included BTS, BSC, MSC, and GMSC, with equipment identity (IMEI) and subscriber identity (SIM) being crucial components
    • Control Channels, like forward and reverse control channels, were used for paging, call setup, and responding to paging requests
    • Call initiation and reception involved access requests, network location checks, and allocation of radio channels
    • Handovers occurred due to signal quality drop or load balancing, involving network-initiated procedures for channel reservation and confirmation
    • Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) transitioned from 1G Analog to a 2G Digital System, combining FDMA and TDMA for efficiency
    • 2.5G introduced General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), enabling packet switching, IP-based connectivity, and eased migration to newer generations
    • GPRS Architecture included SGSN for data services within the network and GGSN as the default gateway to the outside world
    • 3rd Generation Systems (3G) were motivated by the need for higher data rates, leading to the evolution from 2G to 2.5G to support voice, text messaging, and packet switching
    • W-CDMA Technology utilized 5MHz bandwidth and employed various techniques to support higher data rates, including increased spectrum, transmit power, and antenna utilization
    • The transition from 2G to 3G marked a significant advancement in mobile communication technologies, addressing the need for higher data rates and international standards.

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