Wireless Mobile Networking - Ad-hoc Networks 4
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Questions and Answers

What is a key characteristic of the routing mechanism borrowed from DSR?

  • Only passive routes are maintained
  • Static routing paths
  • On-demand routing and discovery (correct)
  • Use of hop-by-hop acknowledgments
  • What typically causes TCP throughput degradation in ad hoc networks?

  • Stable wireless connections
  • Frequent data retransmissions with low latency
  • High packet loss and variable latency (correct)
  • Consistent path lengths
  • What is one proposed enhancement approach to improve TCP performance in wireless networks?

  • Eliminating acknowledgments completely
  • Using a single long TCP connection
  • Splitting long TCP connections into smaller ones (correct)
  • Increasing packet size for fewer transmissions
  • What issue arises from the misinterpretation of packet loss in ad hoc networks?

    <p>Unintended congestion control adjustments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the use of proxy nodes enhance TCP performance in wireless networks?

    <p>By buffering packets and sending local acknowledgments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of routing protocol is DSDV?

    <p>Proactive (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protocol requires periodic updates of routing information?

    <p>DSDV (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about DSR is true?

    <p>It does not exchange information until required. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of routing overhead, how does DSR compare to DSDV?

    <p>DSR has lighter routing overhead than DSDV. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of the AODV routing protocol?

    <p>It combines features of DSR and DSDV. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the average end-to-end delay of DSDV compare to that of DSR?

    <p>DSDV has lower delay than DSR. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a key disadvantage common to both DSDV and DSR?

    <p>Unsuitability for high mobility ad hoc networks. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the source node do in DSR during the routing process?

    <p>Initiates path discovery and determines the route. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    DSDV (Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector)

    A routing protocol that periodically updates routing tables with connectivity information for all known destinations.

    DSR (Dynamic Source Routing)

    A routing protocol that only starts finding paths when a source wants to send data to a destination.

    DSDV - Route Setup Delay

    DSDV has a faster route setup time because it maintains up-to-date routing tables.

    DSR - Routing Overhead

    DSR has lower routing overhead because it only discovers routes when needed, not constantly.

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    DSDV - Route Length

    DSDV typically leads to shorter routes because it has a global view of the network.

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    DSR - Route Length

    DSR routes can be longer because they are determined on a single hop basis.

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    DSDV - Average End-to-end Delay

    DSDV has lower average end-to-end delay because its routes are typically more efficient.

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    DSR - Average End-to-end Delay

    DSR can have higher average end-to-end delay because its route discovery process takes extra time.

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    DSDV-DSR Hybrid Protocol

    A routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) that combines features from DSR (Dynamic Source Routing) and DSDV (Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector). It inherits the on-demand route discovery and maintenance from DSR and the hop-by-hop routing, sequence numbers, and periodic beacons from DSDV. This protocol focuses on maintaining only active routes for efficiency.

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    TCP Throughput Degradation in Wireless Networks

    A common problem in wireless networks where TCP's congestion control mechanisms misinterpret packet loss as network congestion, leading to unnecessary slowdowns and throughput degradation. This happens because wireless networks have unique characteristics, such as frequent path breaks and high packet loss rates, which TCP might interpret incorrectly.

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    Split Approach for TCP in Ad Hoc Networks

    A technique used to improve TCP performance in ad hoc networks by separating the long TCP connection into smaller, more manageable connections. This addresses the fragmentation issues caused by frequent path breaks and reduces the impact of packet loss. This approach also often uses proxy nodes to help buffer packets and manage reliability.

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    Network Feedback for TCP

    A technique used to improve TCP performance in ad hoc networks by providing the TCP source with feedback about the network conditions. This feedback helps the TCP source to better understand the network dynamics and adjust its transmission behavior accordingly. This technique can help to address the issue of misinterpretation of packet loss and improve overall throughput.

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    Uni-directional Path in Ad Hoc Networks

    A route in a network that allows data to flow only in one direction. This is a challenge in ad hoc networks because the communication path might be broken or unreliable due to node mobility and frequent changes in network topology.

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    Study Notes

    Wireless Mobile & Multimedia Networking - Ad-hoc Networks 4

    Outline

    • Performance comparison of DSDV & DSR
    • Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV)
    • TCP Performance in ad hoc networks
    • Enhancement Approaches

    DSDV Table-Driven Routing Protocols

    • Table-driven / proactive routing protocol
    • Enhanced version of Bellman-Ford routing protocol
    • Routing information must be updated periodically
    • Brute force approach
    • Each node maintains routing information for all known destinations
    • Connectivity information needs periodical update throughout the whole network
    • Maintains routes which aren't used

    Dynamic Source Vector (DSR) Routing Protocol

    • On-demand / reactive routing protocol
    • Execute the path-finding process and exchange routing information only when a path is required from a source to a destination
    • No periodic routing updates or routing information exchange
    • Source routing
    • Route discovery is initialized by the source node
    • The source node determines the complete sequence of nodes to forward a packet

    Performance Comparison

    • Routing set-up delay:
      • DSDV - short
      • DSR - long
      • Reason for the difference: [no specific reason given in the slides]
    • Routing overhead:
      • DSDV - heavy
      • DSR - not as heavy as DSDV
      • Reason for the difference: [no specific reason given in the slides]
    • Route length:
      • DSDV - short
      • DSR - long
      • Reason for the difference: [no specific reason given in the slides]
    • Average end-to-end delay:
      • DSDV - low
      • DSR - high
      • Reason for the difference: [no specific reason given in the slides]
    • Suitability for high mobility ad hoc networks: neither protocol is ideal

    Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV)

    • Ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol
    • Target for large ad hoc networks (10,000 to 100,000 nodes)
    • Combination of DSR and DSDV
    • Borrows basic on-demand mechanism of Route Discovery and Route Maintenance from DSR
    • Uses hop-by-hop routing, sequence numbers, and periodic beacons from DSDV
    • Maintains only active routes

    TCP Performance in Ad Hoc Networks

    • TCP throughput degradation in ad hoc networks
    • Adaptation of TCP to congestion causes problems in the wireless domain
    • High packet loss and variable latency in wireless domains
    • TCP may respond with slow start
    • Reduced bandwidth utilization due to retransmissions of lost packets
    • Misinterpretation of packet loss
    • Frequent path breaks
    • Effect of path length
    • Uni-directional path

    Enhancement Approaches

    • Getting feedback from the network to TCP source
    • Split approach – Long TCP connection separated into small TCP connections, separate congestion control and end-to-end reliability
    • Proxy nodes buffer packets from source, send local acknowledgements to the source
    • Enhanced throughput
    • Improved fairness

    References

    • "Ad Hoc Wireless Networks, architectures and protocols" by C. Siva Ram Murthy and B. S. Manoj (1st edition)
    • Sections 7.5.2 and 9.5.2 [of the cited book]
    • J. Broch, D.A. Maltz, B.D. Johnson, Y. Hu and J. Jetcheva, "A Performance comparison of multi-hop wireless ad hoc routing protocols," Proceedings of the 4th annual ACM/IEEE International conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (1998), pages 85–97.

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    Description

    This quiz focuses on ad-hoc networks, examining the performance of DSDV and DSR protocols, as well as the AODV routing protocol. It also explores TCP performance in ad-hoc settings and various enhancement approaches. Test your understanding of these concepts and their applications in wireless mobile networking.

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