21 Questions
What is the primary purpose of the malate shuttle in aerobic metabolism?
To transport NADH from the cytosol to the mitochondria for use in the electron transport chain.
During anaerobic exercise, what is the primary purpose of the glycerol phosphate shuttle?
To regenerate NAD+ from NADH in the cytosol, enabling continued glycolysis.
How does the TCA cycle contribute to energy production during aerobic metabolism?
It oxidizes acetyl-CoA to produce NADH and FADH2, which are then used in the electron transport chain.
What is the role of GTP in the mitochondrial matrix during aerobic metabolism?
GTP is produced during the TCA cycle and can be used to generate ATP.
How does the glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme contribute to energy production during anaerobic exercise?
It converts dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glycerol 3-phosphate, allowing NADH to be oxidized to NAD+.
What is the most likely cause of elevated lactic acid production during excessive exercise?
Increased pyruvate entry into the TCA cycle
Which enzyme deficiency is associated with the inability to convert pyruvate into lactate under anaerobic conditions?
Pyruvate Kinase
What molecule plays a crucial role in increasing hemoglobin's affinity to oxygen and is altered by 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate levels?
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
Which condition is associated with the production of ATP through the conversion of pyruvate and NADH to lactate under anaerobic conditions?
Pyruvate Kinase deficiency
Which factor leads to a right shift in the Hemoglobin-Oxygen dissociation curve, allowing for better oxygen unloading at tissues?
Higher 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate levels
What is the main consequence of a loss of Pyruvate Kinase in red blood cells during anaerobic metabolism?
Extravascular hemolysis
What is the primary role of creatine phosphate during exercise?
Creatine phosphate provides a rapid source of ATP for short, intense bursts of exercise.
How does calcium activation contribute to energy production during exercise?
Calcium stimulates glycogen breakdown, providing glucose for the TCA cycle.
What is the primary fate of pyruvate during anaerobic exercise?
Pyruvate is converted to lactate to regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis.
How does the TCA cycle respond to the increased energy demands of exercise?
The TCA cycle speeds up to produce more ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
What is the primary limitation of anaerobic exercise?
Anaerobic exercise is limited by the buildup of lactic acid and the associated acidosis.
How does the body's energy metabolism change during the transition from short, intense exercise to prolonged, aerobic exercise?
The body shifts from anaerobic glycolysis to increased fatty acid oxidation in the TCA cycle.
What is the role of malate in the response to ethanol metabolism?
Malate is used to generate NADPH for fatty acid synthesis.
How does the buildup of NADH during ethanol metabolism affect fatty acid breakdown?
The high NADH levels inhibit beta-oxidation of fatty acids, leading to their accumulation.
What is the primary reason that brain metabolism does not favor the burning of fatty acids for energy?
The brain's high energy demands require a faster energy source like glucose.
How does the accumulation of fatty acids during ethanol metabolism contribute to the development of a fatty liver?
The high levels of fatty acids activate enzymes that promote the synthesis of more fatty acids.
Test your knowledge on why brain metabolism does not favor burning of fatty acids to provide energy. Explore the factors such as low insulin, high fatty acid utilization, and depletion of oxaloacetate that lead to the preference for ketone bodies over fatty acids in the brain.
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