WHO-ORS Formula Quiz

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What is the concentration of NaCl in the new WHO-ORS formula?

2.6 g (correct)

3.5 g

20.0 g

1.5 g

Which compound is used in WHO-ORS instead of bicarbonate for improved stability?

Potassium chloride

Glucose

Citrate (correct)

Sodium bicarbonate

What is the total osmolarity of the WHO-ORS formula?

245 mmol/L (correct)

110 mmol/L

75 mmol/L

310 mmol/L

What is the purpose of using a lower osmolarity in the new ORS formulation?

To lower the incidence of vomiting and stool volume Signup and view all the answers

How can a homemade ORS solution be prepared?

Mix 1 liter of boiled water with 8 teaspoons of sugar and 1 teaspoon of salt Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary side effects of long-term mineral oil use?

Decreased absorption of fat-soluble vitamins Signup and view all the answers

Which class of stimulants directly affects enterocytes and enteric neurons?

Stimulant purgatives Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary active component released by castor oil in the gut?

Ricinoleic acid Signup and view all the answers

Which anthraquinone derivative is no longer in use?

Aloe vera Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism does Lubiprostone utilize to aid gastrointestinal function?

Opening chloride channels in the gut Signup and view all the answers

What consequence can result from the absorption of mineral oil in the body?

Foreign body reactions in tissues Signup and view all the answers

Which substance has been withdrawn from the market due to safety concerns?

Phenolphthalein Signup and view all the answers

Alvimopan acts as an antagonist to which type of receptor?

Mu-opioid receptors Signup and view all the answers

What defines acute diarrhoea according to the duration of symptoms?

Symptoms lasting 14 days or less Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a cause of diarrhoea?

Insufficient fiber intake Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is recommended for managing acute diarrhoea?

Fluid and electrolyte replacement Signup and view all the answers

What type of diarrhoea results from the rapid transit and decreased fluid absorption in the intestine?

Altered motility diarrhoea Signup and view all the answers

Methylnaltrexone is primarily indicated for which condition?

Opioid-induced constipation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which bulk-forming laxatives promote defecation?

They increase the bulk of stool, stimulating normal peristalsis. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about methylnaltrexone is accurate?

It does not affect the analgesic effects of opioids Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are classified as osmotic purgatives?

Lactulose and polyethylene glycol Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of diarrhoea as defined by WHO?

Three or more loose or watery stools in 24 hours Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of dietary fiber does bran typically contain?

<blockquote> 40% </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following side effects is commonly associated with bulk-forming laxatives?

Flatulence and cramps Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of octreotide in clinical settings?

To manage severe secretory diarrhea Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT a class of antidiarrhoeal drugs?

Analgesic agents Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone secretion is NOT inhibited by octreotide?

Epinephrine Signup and view all the answers

What type of laxative includes agents like methylnaltrexone and alvimopan?

Opioid receptor antagonists Signup and view all the answers

How long may bulk-forming laxatives take to have a full effect?

2-3 days Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of loperamide as an antidiarrheal agent?

It has a rapid onset of action Signup and view all the answers

Why are diphenoxylate and difenoxin combined with atropine sulfate?

To minimize potential addiction and abuse Signup and view all the answers

Which dietary sources typically provide the highest fiber content?

Fruits, vegetables, and cereals Signup and view all the answers

How do antiperistaltic agents like loperamide affect intestinal function?

They increase the time for water absorption Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of saline purgatives?

They create an osmotic gradient to pull water. Signup and view all the answers

What determines the maximum daily dose for loperamide in adults?

Frequency of loose stools Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions can octreotide be used to treat?

AIDS-associated diarrhea Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of probiotics in gastrointestinal health?

To replace colonic microflora Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment goal during episodes of severe diarrhea?

Preventing dehydration Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following agents acts as an antisecretory agent in diarrhea treatment?

Bismuth subsalicylate Signup and view all the answers

What should be avoided when taking oatmeal and pectin-based medications?

Medications taken within 2-3 hours Signup and view all the answers

What is an important precaution for using bismuth subsalicylate?

It may cause darkened stools and tongue. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason for patients to use oral rehydration therapy (ORT)?

To provide a high calorie diet Signup and view all the answers

In severe cases of diarrhea, what may be required for replacing large fluid losses?

Intravenous fluids Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism contributes to the antidiarrheal action of bismuth subsalicylate?

Stimulation of fluid absorption across the intestinal wall Signup and view all the answers

What type of agents are classified as bulk-forming and hydroscopic agents?

Calcium polycarbophil and carboxymethylcellulose Signup and view all the answers