câu 21-30

Karl Marx, a renowned economist and philosopher, identified that every commodity produced involves labor and capital, each having two distinct aspects: "use value" and "exchange value."

The theory of surplus value, developed by Karl Marx, is considered the cornerstone of Marx's economic theory. It focuses on the concept that the value of a product is determined by the labor put into it, with profit generated based on the difference between the value of labor and the actual compensation received by the worker.

A market economy, characterized by private ownership and supply-demand interactions, operates independently of established social structures.

When oligopolies, or a few firms controlling a market, engage in competition, the outcome can be either a cooperative agreement or the elimination of some firms due to competition.

When the price of a good (p) equals its value (m), it implies that the good is being sold at a fair price that reflects its actual production cost.

Factors like technology, labor costs, raw material prices, and changes in demand directly impact the profitability of a business, but competition, while influencing market position, doesn't directly determine the profit margin.

Constant capital (C) refers to the fixed assets used in production (e.g., machinery, buildings), whose value remains static during the production process and remains constant.

Wages in capitalism represent the price paid for labor power. It's the cost of the worker's ability to work, not the value of their actual work output.

One way to increase surplus value is to extend the working day, while keeping the time needed to produce the value of wages (necessary labor time) the same.

The rise of finance capital is driven by the expansion of financial markets and institutions, leading to a greater role for finance in the overall economy.