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What was established by the 'Manifesto on Universal Military Service' issued on January 1, 1874?
What was established by the 'Manifesto on Universal Military Service' issued on January 1, 1874?
What was one key outcome of the Paris Peace Treaty signed on March 6, 1856?
What was one key outcome of the Paris Peace Treaty signed on March 6, 1856?
Which reform was aimed at public education during the years 1863-1864?
Which reform was aimed at public education during the years 1863-1864?
Which diplomat played a significant role in revising the terms of the Paris Peace Treaty after the Crimean War?
Which diplomat played a significant role in revising the terms of the Paris Peace Treaty after the Crimean War?
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What was one of the main objectives of Russia's foreign policy after the Crimean War?
What was one of the main objectives of Russia's foreign policy after the Crimean War?
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What significant organization was formed by Russian Marxists in response to the rise of capitalism?
What significant organization was formed by Russian Marxists in response to the rise of capitalism?
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Which social theory was contradicted by the rise of capitalism and the worker movement in 1880s Russia?
Which social theory was contradicted by the rise of capitalism and the worker movement in 1880s Russia?
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Who was the elder brother of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, and what happened to him?
Who was the elder brother of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, and what happened to him?
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In what year did Alexander III die?
In what year did Alexander III die?
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Who served as Alexander III’s tutor and was a theorist of autocracy?
Who served as Alexander III’s tutor and was a theorist of autocracy?
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What was a significant factor that led to the emergence of the Marxist movement in Russia?
What was a significant factor that led to the emergence of the Marxist movement in Russia?
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What incident occurred in October 1888 involving Tsar Alexander III?
What incident occurred in October 1888 involving Tsar Alexander III?
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Which of the following accurately describes contemporary views of Alexander III's capabilities?
Which of the following accurately describes contemporary views of Alexander III's capabilities?
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Who succeeded Alexander II after his assassination?
Who succeeded Alexander II after his assassination?
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What movement was identified as growing alongside the establishment of capitalism in Russia during the 1880s?
What movement was identified as growing alongside the establishment of capitalism in Russia during the 1880s?
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What event marked Alexander II's rule as a significant reforming period in Russian history?
What event marked Alexander II's rule as a significant reforming period in Russian history?
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What was the outcome of the 1881 assassination attempt on Alexander II?
What was the outcome of the 1881 assassination attempt on Alexander II?
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How did Alexander II's reforms affect the sociopolitical landscape of Russia?
How did Alexander II's reforms affect the sociopolitical landscape of Russia?
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What significant military conflict indicated the necessity for reform in Russian society?
What significant military conflict indicated the necessity for reform in Russian society?
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What was the primary focus of Alexander II's reforms?
What was the primary focus of Alexander II's reforms?
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What was the primary type of government action taken in response to the assassination of Alexander II?
What was the primary type of government action taken in response to the assassination of Alexander II?
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What reform introduced by Alexander II affected social structure in Russia?
What reform introduced by Alexander II affected social structure in Russia?
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What did the 1861 Manifesto officially achieve for the serfs?
What did the 1861 Manifesto officially achieve for the serfs?
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What were the responsibilities of serfs after the abolition of serfdom?
What were the responsibilities of serfs after the abolition of serfdom?
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What was a significant challenge faced during the preparation for the emancipation reform?
What was a significant challenge faced during the preparation for the emancipation reform?
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What did serfs have to do if they did not want to purchase land?
What did serfs have to do if they did not want to purchase land?
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What principle did the 1864 judicial reform establish?
What principle did the 1864 judicial reform establish?
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What significant change occurred in the military as part of the reforms between 1861-1874?
What significant change occurred in the military as part of the reforms between 1861-1874?
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What consequence followed the abolition of serfdom that affected the serfs negatively?
What consequence followed the abolition of serfdom that affected the serfs negatively?
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What characterized the policies during Alexander III's reign?
What characterized the policies during Alexander III's reign?
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What was the main mission Alexander III claimed to uphold in his manifesto?
What was the main mission Alexander III claimed to uphold in his manifesto?
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Which of the following was a significant cultural impact of Alexander III's reign?
Which of the following was a significant cultural impact of Alexander III's reign?
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What nickname is associated with Alexander III due to the rarity of wars during his reign?
What nickname is associated with Alexander III due to the rarity of wars during his reign?
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What major infrastructure project began in 1891 during Alexander III's reign?
What major infrastructure project began in 1891 during Alexander III's reign?
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Which governmental action was permitted under Alexander III's policies without a trial?
Which governmental action was permitted under Alexander III's policies without a trial?
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What characterized the economic landscape of Russia during the 1890s under Alexander III?
What characterized the economic landscape of Russia during the 1890s under Alexander III?
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What diplomatic relationship was strengthened during Alexander III's reign?
What diplomatic relationship was strengthened during Alexander III's reign?
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Study Notes
Russian History
- Capitalism's Rise: The growth of a powerful working class during the development of capitalism was crucial for the transition to socialism, as argued by Marx and Engels. They believed worker struggle against the bourgeoisie would inevitably lead to worker victory.
- 1880s Russia: By the 1880s, capitalism was evident in Russia, alongside a rising labor movement. This contradicted the Populist theories that Russia could avoid capitalism in achieving socialism. Some populists reevaluated their views.
- First Russian Marxist Organization: The "Liberation of Labor" group, including Georgi Plekhanov, emerged as the first Russian Marxist organization.
- Assassination Attempts: Assassination attempts were made on Tsar Alexander III. One attempt, planned by surviving members of the "People's Will" in 1887, resulted in several arrests and the execution of Vladimir Lenin's older brother, Alexander Ulyanov.
- 1888 Train Wreck: In October 1888, Tsar Alexander III's train was involved in a crash, damaging the roof of his carriage. He personally worked to secure the roof until help arrived. This accident preceded other health problems.
- Alexander III's Death: Alexander III died October 20, 1894 due to deteriorating health that began after the train crash.
- New Trend: A new trend in Russian society was the rise of the Marxist movement. Supporters embraced the ideas of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, who believed socialist relations could only arise after the establishment of bourgeoisie rule.
- New Words: Key terms related to the period include "non-reformability" (незыблемость), "supervision" (надзор), "deprived of" (лишиться), "assault" (поползновение), "emergency situation"/ "emergency state" (чрезвычайное положение), "inaugurate" (ознаменовать), "arrest" (арестовать), "hanging" (повешение), "crash" (крушение).
Alexander III
- Education and Character: Educated by figures like Sergei Solovyov and K.P. Pobedonostsev, Alexander III had a reputation for being less intelligent and educated. His supporters, however, highlighted a firm character and strong will, visible in his actions.
- Manifesto of 1881: The manifesto "On the Invariance of Autocracy" was issued in 1881 after the assassination attempts. It emphasized strengthening the Tsarist autocratic rule.
- "Counter-Reforms": Initiated by Alexander III, these policies included intensified supervision of peasant communities. Poor people's voting rights were restricted, censorship was heightened, and publications were suppressed. The police had broader authority, enabling extrajudicial measures. These measures effectively established a state of emergency.
- Economic Growth: Alexander III's reign saw significant industrial growth, especially in sectors utilizing coal and oil.
- Trans-Siberian Railway: The construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway began in 1891, connecting European Russia to Siberia and the Far East, enhancing infrastructure.
- Relationship with France: Russia moved towards a closer alliance with France, culminating in a Franco-Russian alliance (1891-1893). This alliance was intended to counter potential German aggression.
- Expansion: Expansion into Central Asia was completed under Alexander III.
- Peacemaker Reputation: Alexander III avoided wars, earning him the nickname "Peacemaker."
Additional Points
- Assassination of Alexander II: The assassination of Alexander II in 1881 led to the ascension of his son Alexander III to the throne. Alexander II, known as the "Tsar-Liberator," died after two assassination attempts on March 1, 1881.
- Important Date: March 1st, 1881 marked the assassination of Tsar Alexander II, signifying a turning point in Russian history and prompting reactions from Alexander III.
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Description
Explore the critical developments in Russian history during the rise of capitalism and the formation of Marxist ideology. Discover the key events of the 1880s, including the emergence of the first Russian Marxist organization and the assassination attempts on Tsar Alexander III. This quiz unpacks the complexities of the labor movement and socio-political changes of the time.
