Russian History: Capitalism and Marxism

A policy implemented in 1874 in Russia that mandated military service for all males aged 20, regardless of their social status.

A series of reforms enacted in Russia during the 1860s that aimed to improve the education system, including higher, secondary, and elementary levels.

The conflict between Russia and a coalition of forces, including the Ottoman Empire, Britain, France, and Sardinia, which took place in 1853-1856.

The treaty signed in Paris in 1856, ending the Crimean War. It imposed several restrictions on Russia, including limiting its naval power in the Black Sea.

A Russian diplomat who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs after the Crimean War. His focus was on reversing the terms of the Paris Peace Treaty and restoring Russia's international influence.

A working class emerged due to the development of capitalism.

A political belief that Russia would achieve socialism without going through capitalism, opposed by Marxist theory.

The first Russian Marxist organization, founded by Georgiy Plekhanov, promoting socialist revolution through a working class movement.

The Tsar of Russia from 1881 to 1894, known for his conservative policies and resistance to reform.

A political group who assassinated Tsar Alexander II, aiming to overthrow the Tsarist regime.

The tutor and influence of Alexander III, known for his strong support of autocracy and his role in shaping the Tsar's conservative views.

A Russian historian who served as a mentor to Alexander III, influencing his views on history and tradition.

A description of Alexander III's character and abilities, indicating he was not particularly intelligent, capable, or educated.

The concept that socialist societies will emerge after the dominance of capitalism (bourgeoisie) is overthrown.

The political ideology of Karl Marx, which argues for a classless society free from exploitation.

The assassination of Alexander II by a terrorist in 1881 marked the first time a Russian monarch was killed by a civilian.

The 1861 manifesto that abolished serfdom in Russia, a significant social reform.

The period in Russian history following the death of Alexander II, marked by changes in leadership and continued social reform.

The emancipation of serfs from their landowners, a major social and economic change in Russia.

A social and administrative unit established by Tsar Alexander II, intended to manage local affairs.

Russian Tsar Alexander III's policy of strengthening autocracy and suppressing dissent through measures like censorship and restricting civil liberties.

The strengthening of the Russian government's authority, often at the expense of individual rights.

The policy of Alexander III to consolidate autocratic power and suppress dissent.

The period of Alexander III’s reign marked by a significant increase in artistic creations and a vibrant cultural scene in Russia.

The nickname given to Alexander III due to the relative peace and lack of major wars during his reign.

The formation of a political and military alliance between Russia and France in the late 19th century, primarily directed towards mitigating the growing influence of Germany.

The expansion of the Russian Empire into Central Asia during the reign of Alexander III, marking a significant expansion of Russian territory.

A period in late 19th century Russia characterized by rapid growth in industrial production and the development of new industries.

Alexander II's most significant reform aimed at freeing serfs from their forced labor on landed estates.

The legal act that abolished serfdom in Russia, granting serfs personal freedom but requiring them to pay for land they received.

The traditional structure of village life and community, which was preserved after the abolition of serfdom as land ownership was transferred to the village community.

The right of all citizens to be treated equally under the law, regardless of their social class, which was a key component of this reform.

A comprehensive reform undertaken in Russia in 1864 that established a new judicial system based on the principles of equality and fairness.

An important change in the Russian military system, which introduced shorter terms of service and abolished cruel corporal punishment.

These reforms, undertaken in Russia during the 19th century, aimed to modernize the country by addressing key social and legal issues.