Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which white blood cell type is primarily responsible for fighting pathogens?
Which white blood cell type is primarily responsible for fighting pathogens?
- Basophils
- Eosinophils
- Lymphocytes
- Neutrophils (correct)
What condition is characterized by an increased number of lymphocytes?
What condition is characterized by an increased number of lymphocytes?
- Lymphopenia
- Leukocytopenia
- Lymphocytosis (correct)
- Hyperleukocytosis
What is the primary function of eosinophils in the immune response?
What is the primary function of eosinophils in the immune response?
- Fighting bacterial infections
- Promoting blood clotting
- Regulating temperature
- Controlling allergic responses (correct)
What is the most common type of leukemia in children?
What is the most common type of leukemia in children?
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with leukemia?
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with leukemia?
Which drug specifically targets the BCR-ABL fusion gene in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)?
Which drug specifically targets the BCR-ABL fusion gene in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)?
What is characterized by a low number of leukocytes?
What is characterized by a low number of leukocytes?
Which type of leukocyte is primarily involved in inflammatory reactions by releasing heparin and histamine?
Which type of leukocyte is primarily involved in inflammatory reactions by releasing heparin and histamine?
In which type of leukemia are there often increased numbers of mature but dysfunctional lymphocytes?
In which type of leukemia are there often increased numbers of mature but dysfunctional lymphocytes?
What condition can lead to leukocytosis as a normal physiological response?
What condition can lead to leukocytosis as a normal physiological response?
Which cells are primarily responsible for Hodgkin Lymphoma?
Which cells are primarily responsible for Hodgkin Lymphoma?
What is a common symptom associated with Hodgkin Lymphoma?
What is a common symptom associated with Hodgkin Lymphoma?
What differentiates Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma from Hodgkin Lymphoma?
What differentiates Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma from Hodgkin Lymphoma?
Burkitt Lymphoma is categorized under which type of lymphoma?
Burkitt Lymphoma is categorized under which type of lymphoma?
What does the acronym CRAB stand for in the context of Multiple Myeloma?
What does the acronym CRAB stand for in the context of Multiple Myeloma?
What is a treatment option for Multiple Myeloma?
What is a treatment option for Multiple Myeloma?
Which viral infection is associated with Burkitt Lymphoma?
Which viral infection is associated with Burkitt Lymphoma?
In Multiple Myeloma, what do malignant plasma cells increase the production of?
In Multiple Myeloma, what do malignant plasma cells increase the production of?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma?
Which of the following conditions involves the destructive breakdown of bone tissue?
Which of the following conditions involves the destructive breakdown of bone tissue?
Flashcards
Leukocytosis
Leukocytosis
A high number of white blood cells (WBCs) in the blood.
Leukocytopenia
Leukocytopenia
A low number of white blood cells (WBCs) in the blood.
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)
Fast-growing cancer of the blood, starting with immature blood cells in bone marrow.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
Slow-growing cancer of the blood, affecting mature but dysfunctional lymphocytes, often affecting elderly people.
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Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)
Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)
Fast-growing cancer of the blood, starting with immature blood cells and often affecting neutrophils(granulocytes).
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Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)
Slow-growing cancer of the blood, affecting mature but dysfunctional granulocytes, often neutrophils.
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Philadelphia Chromosome
Philadelphia Chromosome
A genetic abnormality causing leukemia (CML), formed by breaks in chromosomes 9 and 22.
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Gleevac
Gleevac
A drug that targets the BCR-ABL fusion gene, effectively treating chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).
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Infectious Mononucleosis
Infectious Mononucleosis
A viral infection, often called "mono," often affecting B lymphocytes.
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Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes
A type of white blood cell (WBC), responsible for producing B and T cells, essential part of the immune system.
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Hodgkin Lymphoma cause
Hodgkin Lymphoma cause
Caused by Reed-Sternberg cells, which are malignant B cells.
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Hodgkin Lymphoma symptom pattern
Hodgkin Lymphoma symptom pattern
Accumulates in the upper body; symptoms include fever, weight loss, night sweats, and pruritus.
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Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma key feature
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma key feature
Does NOT have Reed-Sternberg cells.
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Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma causes
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma causes
Linked to chromosome translocations, viral and bacterial infections, environmental factors, immunodeficiencies, and autoimmune disorders.
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Multiple Myeloma cause
Multiple Myeloma cause
Malignant plasma cells accumulate in bone marrow and produce M-protein.
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Multiple Myeloma CRAB symptoms
Multiple Myeloma CRAB symptoms
Characterized by elevated calcium (C), renal insufficiency (R), anemia (A), and bone lesions (B).
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Multiple Myeloma treatment (example)
Multiple Myeloma treatment (example)
Thalidomide inhibits DNA synthesis.
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Burkitt Lymphoma type
Burkitt Lymphoma type
A common type of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
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Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) link
Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) link
EBV found in nose secretions, linked to production abnormal B lymphocytes.
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Rituximab
Rituximab
A treatment for Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
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White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
- Granulocytes (60-65% of WBCs):
- Neutrophils: Primary pathogen fighters.
- Eosinophils: Control allergic responses, fight parasites (1-3%).
- Basophils: Inflammatory reactions (allergy), release heparin and histamine (0.3-0.5%).
- Agranulocytes:
- Lymphocytes: Produce B and T cells.
- Lymphocytosis: High lymphocyte count.
- Lymphopenia: Low lymphocyte count.
- B cells: Produce antibodies.
- T cells: CD4+ and CD8+ immune response, crucial for immunity.
- Infectious Mononucleosis (Mono): Viral infection targeting B lymphocytes, often called "the kissing disease."
- Symptoms: fever, sore throat, increased lymphocytes, atypical lymphocytes.
- Caused by Epstein-Barr virus.
- Resolves in 1-4 weeks with OTC analgesics.
- Infectious Mononucleosis (Mono): Viral infection targeting B lymphocytes, often called "the kissing disease."
- Lymphocytes: Produce B and T cells.
Leukocyte Alterations
- Leukocytosis: High white blood cell count.
- Leukocytopenia: Low white blood cell count, reduced ability to fight infection.
- Causes: physiologic stressors, malignancy/cancer, HIV.
- Important: Look at cell characteristics, not just count.
Leukemia
- 4 types:
- Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL): Fast-growing, immature (blast) cells from bone marrow, fail to mature in blood. Most common in children.
- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL): Slow-growing, increased production of mature, dysfunctional lymphocytes, observed in B cells. Can progress to acute. Common in elderly, watch and wait approach.
- Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): Fast-growing, lots of blasts in blood, cancerous WBCs (most common neutrophils).
- Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML): Slow-growing, increased numbers of mature, dysfunctional leukocytes, cancerous WBCs (most common neutrophils), watch and wait approach
Leukemia Symptoms
- Weight loss
- Petechiae (purplish skin patches) - disruption of platelet function.
- Bleeding gums, hypertrophy.
- Bone/joint pain
- Fever, night sweats
- Enlarged liver/spleen
Leukemia Treatment
- Chemotherapy
- Radiation
- Monoclonal antibodies
Philadelphia Chromosome
- Crucial for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)
- Formed from breaks in chromosomes 9 & 22 that fuse creating a BCR-ABL gene fusion.
- Leads to the development of Gleevec (treatment).
Gleevec
- Targets BCR-ABL, selectively killing cancer cells with the fusion gene.
- Improves CML prognosis.
Lymphomas
- Hodgkin Lymphoma: Caused by Reed-Sternberg cells (malignant B cells), accumulating in upper body. Symptoms: fever, weight loss, night sweats, pruritus.
- Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: No Reed-Sternberg cells. Tumors throughout the body, linked to chromosome translocations, viral/bacterial infections, environmental factors, immunodeficiencies, autoimmune disorders. Affects B cells, T cells, and NK cells. Burkitt lymphoma common type
Multiple Myeloma (CRAB)
- Caused by malignant plasma cells, accumulating in bone marrow. Produce M-protein, leading to increased osteoclastic bone destruction.
- CRAB:
- C: Calcium elevated
- R: Renal insufficiency (M-protein/Bence Jones protein accumulation)
- A: Anemia
- B: Bone lesions/fractures
Multiple Myeloma Treatment
- Thalidomide: Inhibits DNA synthesis.
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