renal
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What is the name of the fluid that is filtered from the blood in the glomerulus?

Glomerular filtrate

Which of the following is NOT a component of the nephron?

  • Bowman's capsule
  • Proximal tubule
  • Ureter (correct)
  • Collecting duct

    • What is the main function of the distal tubule?

    Reabsorption and secretion of specific molecules, such as sodium, potassium, and hydrogen ions.

    The reabsorption of glucose in the proximal tubule is always 100% efficient.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of aldosterone in regulating blood pressure?

    <p>Aldosterone causes the kidneys to reabsorb sodium and water, which increases blood volume and blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between pressure diuresis and pressure natriuresis?

    <p>Pressure diuresis is an increase in urine output in response to increased blood pressure, while pressure natriuresis is an increase in sodium output in response to increased blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main ways that the renin-angiotensin system regulates blood pressure?

    <p>The renin-angiotensin system regulates blood pressure by vasoconstriction, which increases blood pressure quickly, and by regulating the excretion of salt and water, which has a slower, more sustained effect on blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main mechanisms for maintaining blood pressure in the body?

    <p>The three main mechanisms for maintaining blood pressure in the body are baroreceptor feedback, the renin-angiotensin system, and the autonomic nervous system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a diuretic drug help to lower blood pressure?

    <p>Diuretic drugs help to lower blood pressure by increasing the excretion of water and sodium, which reduces blood volume and blood pressure. In addition, diuretics can reduce venous pressure, which further contributes to lower blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four components of the renal processing of plasma in each nephron?

    <p>Filtration, Reabsorption, Secretion, Excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the juxtaglomerular cells?

    <p>Synthesize and store renin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stimulus for the release of renin?

    <p>Decreased arterial pressure in the afferent arterioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of aldosterone?

    <p>Increases the production of renin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of angiotensin II on blood pressure?

    <p>Vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The renin-angiotensin system modulates blood pressure only through vasoconstriction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a true statement about pressure diuresis?

    <p>As blood pressure increases, urine output increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of a high sodium (salt) intake on blood pressure?

    <p>Initial increase followed by a gradual decrease in blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main way that diuretic drugs help to lower blood pressure?

    <p>By decreasing blood volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the baroreceptors in regulating blood pressure?

    <p>Baroreceptors sense changes in blood pressure and send signals to the brain to adjust heart rate, contractility, and blood vessel diameter to maintain appropriate blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism by which the sympathetic nervous system regulates blood pressure in response to increased blood pressure?

    <p>Decreased heart rate and contractility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Decreased blood pressure ultimately results in increased sympathetic nervous system activity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to arterial blood pressure when there is a high intake of sodium?

    <p>It causes an immediate increase in arterial blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What compensatory mechanism eventually reduces the effects of chronic high sodium intake on blood pressure?

    <p>Reduced capacity to eliminate sodium and water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do diuretic drugs primarily lower blood pressure?

    <p>By reducing plasma volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does high sodium intake have on venous return?

    <p>It increases venous return due to increased pressure gradient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of increased extracellular fluid from high sodium intake?

    <p>Increased end diastolic volume (EDV).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate effect of increased stroke volume due to high fluid intake?

    <p>It contributes to an increase in cardiac output.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In healthy individuals, what is likely to occur with chronic high salt consumption?

    <p>Minimal long-term effect on blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a direct result of increased blood volume from a high sodium intake?

    <p>Increased pressure in the veins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rapid mechanism of blood pressure control?

    <p>Increase in heart rate and contractility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes intermediate mechanisms of blood pressure control?

    <p>The renin-angiotensin system contributes to blood pressure regulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does increased arterial blood pressure have on urine output?

    <p>It increases urine output through pressure diuresis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does decreased sympathetic nervous system activity affect blood pressure?

    <p>It reduces vasoconstriction and lowers blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a long-term mechanism of blood pressure control?

    <p>Baroreceptor feedback responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the renin-angiotensin system primarily function in response to low blood pressure?

    <p>By promoting sodium reabsorption and vasoconstriction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does aldosterone play in blood pressure regulation?

    <p>It increases sodium reabsorption, thus increasing blood volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding pressure natriuresis?

    <p>It leads to increased sodium output during elevated arterial pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when plasma osmolarity is high?

    <p>Water is reabsorbed into the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the role of ADH during dehydration?

    <p>ADH increases the permeability of collecting ducts to water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure does blood travel through immediately after the renal artery?

    <p>Interlobar arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the filtration process occur in the nephron?

    <p>Glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily stimulates the release of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)?

    <p>High plasma osmolarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is NOT part of the nephron?

    <p>Renal pelvis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of alcohol on ADH secretion?

    <p>Inhibits ADH release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In pressure diuresis, which physiological change is correct?

    <p>Increased blood pressure leads to increased urine output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component does NOT pass through the glomerular filter?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are responsible for synthesizing and storing renin?

    <p>Juxtaglomerular cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After the glomerulus, which structure is the fluid called 'glomerular filtrate' first collected in?

    <p>Bowman's capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct order of structures that filtrate passes through after the glomerulus?

    <p>Proximal tubule, distal tubule, collecting duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during pressure natriuresis?

    <p>Increased blood pressure results in increased sodium output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between osmolarity and thirst sensation?

    <p>High osmolarity increases thirst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following options accurately describes the flow of blood after leaving the peritubular capillaries?

    <p>Efferent arterioles, interlobular vein, renal vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for reabsorption of water and solutes?

    <p>Proximal tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism for glucose reabsorption in the kidneys under healthy conditions?

    <p>Utilizing special transporters in tubular cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does diabetes affect glucose reabsorption in the kidneys?

    <p>It saturates glucose transporters, leading to glucose in urine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT influence reabsorption in the renal tubules?

    <p>Pressure exerted by blood in the renal arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do hormones play in renal reabsorption?

    <p>They can toggle transporters on or off for various molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electrolytes are commonly reabsorbed in the renal tubules?

    <p>Sodium and calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the concentration of sodium transporters different within the nephron?

    <p>In the proximal and distal tubular segments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to glucose levels in urine under normal healthy conditions?

    <p>Glucose is completely reabsorbed, leading to no glucose in urine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the effect of aldosterone on sodium reabsorption?

    <p>It enhances sodium reabsorption when blood pressure is low.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological stimulus is primarily responsible for the release of renin?

    <p>Decreased arterial pressure in the afferent arterioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for converting Angiotensin I into Angiotensin II?

    <p>Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding the vasoactive effects of renin, angiotensin I, and angiotensin II is correct?

    <p>Angiotensin II is the strongest vasoconstrictor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of angiotensin II on the adrenal glands?

    <p>Causes increased secretion of aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the mechanisms by which the renin-angiotensin system increases blood pressure?

    <p>Increased arterial vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does increased salt intake affect the renin-angiotensin system?

    <p>Increases blood volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relative timespan for the mechanism of decreased excretion of salt and water by the renin-angiotensin system?

    <p>Hours to days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of angiotensin II on blood vessels?

    <p>Triggers constriction of blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Kidney Structure and Function

    • Kidneys are the first two structures in the study guide that concern the video playlists for week 7.
    • A separate study guide covers the remaining playlist for week 7
    • Review macroscopic and microscopic structure
    • Trace a drop of blood from renal artery to renal vein
      • Renal artery
      • Interlobar arteries
      • Arcuate arteries
      • Interlobular arteries
      • Afferent arterioles
      • Glomerulus
      • Efferent arterioles
      • Peritubular capillaries
      • Interlobular vein
      • Arcuate vein
      • Interlobar vein
      • Renal vein
    • Trace filtrate from glomerulus to urethra
      • Bowman's capsule
      • Proximal tubule
      • Loop of Henle
        • Descending limb
        • Thin segment of ascending limb
        • Thick segment of ascending limb
      • Macula densa
      • Distal tubule
      • Connecting tubule
      • Collecting tubule
      • Collecting duct
      • Renal papillae
      • Renal pelvis
      • Ureter
      • Bladder
      • Urethra
    • Items 1-6 are all components of the nephron; collecting ducts are not
    • Renal processing of plasma in four components:
      • Filtration:
        • Fluid from afferent arteriole enters glomerulus for filtration
        • Plasma and dissolved substances like electrolytes, glucose, hormones and drugs filter through.
        • Large substances like proteins and cells do not
      • Reabsorption:
        • Some molecules reabsorbed from glomerular filtrate to bloodstream
        • Similar to other capillaries in the body
        • Based on transporters in tubule cells which allow molecules into the capillary
        • Example: 100% of glucose is normally reabsorbed.
        • Reabsorption controlled by transporters and hormones.
      • Secretion:
        • Molecules are transported from peritubular fluid into renal tubules
        • Specific molecules are secreted
        • Example: Hydrogen ions
      • Excretion:
        • Substances left in the renal tubules move to collecting ducts for excretion out of the body.

    Renal Processing of Plasma

    • Four processes happen in the nephrons involved in processing plasma; filtration, reabsorption, secretion and excretion
    • Filtration happens in the glomerulus
    • Reabsorption returns needed substances back to the blood, similar to other capillaries. The process is dependent on different factors including transporters in the tubule cells
    • Glucose is an example of a substance that is fully reabsorbed.
    • Diabetes is an example where glucose isn't fully reabsorbed
    • Other important molecules are also reabsorbed, including sodium, calcium, bicarbonate and potassium.
    • Hormones can control whether transporters are "on" or "off".
    • Secretion moves molecules into the tubules.
    • Hydrogen ions and other molecules are secreted into renal tubules
    • Excretion removes waste from the tubules into the body.

    Water Balance and Thirst

    • Plasma osmolarity is monitored by osmoreceptors in the brain.
    • High osmolarity indicates dehydration. Low osmolarity indicates overhydration.
    • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin is secreted from the posterior pituitary gland.
    • ADH increases water permeability in distal tubules and collecting ducts, allowing more water to be reabsorbed into the bloodstream.
    • Water balance is mediated by ADH secretion.
    • Thirst is stimulated by high osmolarity.

    Renal-Body Fluid System and Pressure Control

    • Pressure diuresis and pressure natriuresis: increased blood pressure results in increased urine output.
    • Renin-angiotensin system: a cascade of events that causes blood pressure to rise.
    • Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I in the kidneys which is converted to angiotensin II in the blood vessels.
    • Angiotensin II leads to vasoconstriction of blood vessels and stimulates aldosterone production.
    • High salt intake increases extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure.

    Diuretic Drugs

    • Diuretics promote increased urine output.
    • Diuretics help reduce plasma volume to lower blood pressure particularly in cases of hypervolemia.

    Integrated Control

    • Rapid, intermediate and long-term mechanisms interact.

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