Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the renal functions?
What are the renal functions?
- Regulate blood glucose levels
- Remove toxic wastes (correct)
- Release erythropoietin (correct)
- Regulate fluid in vascular system (correct)
What is the glomerulus?
What is the glomerulus?
Vascular part of nephron
What do afferent arterioles do?
What do afferent arterioles do?
Enter nephrons
What do efferent arterioles do?
What do efferent arterioles do?
What are tubules in the nephron?
What are tubules in the nephron?
What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus produce?
What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus produce?
What is the function of ureters?
What is the function of ureters?
What is the main function of the bladder?
What is the main function of the bladder?
What is a neurogenic bladder?
What is a neurogenic bladder?
Flap closes off ureter during voiding to prevent ____________ of kidneys.
Flap closes off ureter during voiding to prevent ____________ of kidneys.
What is the urethra responsible for?
What is the urethra responsible for?
What is glomerular filtration?
What is glomerular filtration?
What does glomerular hydrostatic pressure do?
What does glomerular hydrostatic pressure do?
What is the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?
What is the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?
What is the normal BUN level range?
What is the normal BUN level range?
What is a normal creatinine level?
What is a normal creatinine level?
What happens when GFR is decreased?
What happens when GFR is decreased?
What is tubular reabsorption?
What is tubular reabsorption?
Where does tubular reabsorption occur?
Where does tubular reabsorption occur?
What is the proximal convoluted tubule responsible for?
What is the proximal convoluted tubule responsible for?
What does the Loop of Henle consist of?
What does the Loop of Henle consist of?
What does the descending limb of the Loop of Henle do?
What does the descending limb of the Loop of Henle do?
What does the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle do?
What does the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle do?
What happens in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts?
What happens in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts?
What is tubular secretion?
What is tubular secretion?
What does tubular secretion involve?
What does tubular secretion involve?
What is the final urine concentration dependent on?
What is the final urine concentration dependent on?
What does specific gravity refer to?
What does specific gravity refer to?
What specific gravity indicates concentrated urine?
What specific gravity indicates concentrated urine?
What common organism from the bowel causes UTIs?
What common organism from the bowel causes UTIs?
What is used to diagnose UTIs?
What is used to diagnose UTIs?
What does a urinalysis test for?
What does a urinalysis test for?
What does a culture involve in diagnosing UTIs?
What does a culture involve in diagnosing UTIs?
What are some predisposing factors for UTIs? (Select all that apply)
What are some predisposing factors for UTIs? (Select all that apply)
What is cystitis?
What is cystitis?
What are the signs and symptoms of cystitis?
What are the signs and symptoms of cystitis?
What is the treatment for cystitis?
What is the treatment for cystitis?
What is pyelonephritis?
What is pyelonephritis?
What is another term for the flank area?
What is another term for the flank area?
What are the signs and symptoms of pyelonephritis?
What are the signs and symptoms of pyelonephritis?
What are antibiotics used for?
What are antibiotics used for?
What is acute renal failure (ARF)?
What is acute renal failure (ARF)?
What is a general cause for ARF?
What is a general cause for ARF?
What are some examples of pre-renal causes?
What are some examples of pre-renal causes?
What is intra-renal failure?
What is intra-renal failure?
What are some examples of intra-renal causes?
What are some examples of intra-renal causes?
What is post-renal failure?
What is post-renal failure?
What are some examples of post-renal causes?
What are some examples of post-renal causes?
What is the first phase of ARF?
What is the first phase of ARF?
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Study Notes
Renal Functions
- Regulate fluid balance, blood pressure, electrolytes, and acid/base equilibrium.
- Eliminate toxic substances and waste products from the body.
- Produce erythropoietin for red blood cell production.
- Activate vitamin D for calcium homeostasis.
Nephron Components
- Glomerulus: Vascular component of the nephron responsible for filtration.
- Afferent Arterioles: Blood vessels that supply nephrons with incoming blood.
- Efferent Arterioles: Blood vessels that carry away filtered blood from the nephron.
Tubule Functions
- Tubules: Hollow structures within nephrons that receive filtrate.
- Proximal Convoluted Tubule: Site of significant reabsorption for water, electrolytes, and glucose.
- Loop of Henle: Contains descending and ascending limbs; key in urine concentration.
- Descending Limb: Reabsorbs water and concentrates urine.
- Ascending Limb: Reabsorbs electrolytes and dilutes urine.
- Distal Convoluted Tubule & Collecting Ducts: Final site of water and electrolyte reabsorption; influenced by aldosterone and ADH.
Urine Formation Steps
- Glomerular Filtration: Initial step for urine formation where blood is filtered through the glomerulus.
- Tubular Reabsorption: Selective process returning vital substances from tubules back into the bloodstream.
- Tubular Secretion: Final step where substances are moved from blood into tubules for elimination; necessary for fine-tuning urine composition.
Urine Concentration
- Final Urine Concentration: Depends on all three stages of urine formation.
- Specific Gravity: Indicator of urine concentration; a value of 1.030 signifies concentrated urine.
Diagnostic Markers
- Normal BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) level: 18-20 mg/dL.
- Normal Creatinine level: 1.5 mg/dL.
- Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR): Measurement of the kidney's ability to clear waste (creatinine) from blood.
Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
- E. coli: Common bacterium responsible for urinary tract infections.
- Diagnosis involves Urinalysis and Culture: Requires 150,000 organisms for confirmation.
- Cystitis: Lower urinary tract infection characterized by dysuria, urgency, and frequency.
- Pyelonephritis: Upper urinary tract infection identified by costovertebral angle tenderness and systemic symptoms.
Acute Renal Failure (ARF)
- Definition: Sudden inability of kidneys to excrete waste and maintain homeostasis.
- Pre-renal Causes: Resulting from impaired blood flow to the kidneys; examples include dehydration and heart failure.
- Intra-renal Causes: Involving damage to renal tissue, including glomerular and tubular injuries.
- Post-renal Causes: Resulting from urinary obstruction leading to hydronephrosis; includes renal calculi and enlarged prostate.
Renal Failure Phases
- Oliguric Phase: Initial phase of ARF characterized by decreased urine output.
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